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Orthopaedics > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle fibres

A

striated
unbranched
multi-nucleated

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2
Q

Muscle fibres are grouped into bundles called…?

A

Fasicles

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3
Q

Name for the connective tissue surrounding the muscle as a whole

A

Epimysium

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4
Q

Name for the connective tissue surrounding a single fasicle

A

Perimysium

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5
Q

Name for the connective tissue surrounding a single muscle fibre

A

Endomysium

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6
Q

Unit of contraction of a muscle cell

A

Sarcomere

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7
Q

Sarcomeres are placed end-to-end to form..?

A

Myofibrils

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8
Q

Motor unit definition

A

One motor neurone and all the fibres that it innervates

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9
Q

Types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Type I
Type IIa
Type IIb

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10
Q

Describe Type I skeletal fibres

A

slow contracting
abundant in mitochondria
slow to fatigue
“red fibres”

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11
Q

Describe Type IIa skeletal fibres

A

relatively fast contracting
reasonably resistant to fatigue
uncommon

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12
Q

Describe Type IIb skeletal fibres

A 
fast contracting fibres 
few mitochondria 
fatigue easily 
produce great force
"white fibres"
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13
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

Cells found in cartilage

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14
Q

Name for immature chondroctyes

A

Chondroblasts

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15
Q

Where are chondrocytes found

A

Lacuna - space in the extracellular matrix

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16
Q

What does the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) consist of

A
  1. 75% water
  2. 25% organic material
    a) 60% Type II collagen
    b) 40% proteoglycan aggregates
17
Q

What are Haversian Canals

A

minute tubes in bone which form a network in bone and maintain blood vessels

18
Q

What are Volkmann’s Canals

A

the small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into bone, and lie perpendicular to and communicate with the Haversian canals

19
Q

What are osteons

A

a central canal containing blood capillaries and the concentric osseous lamellae around it occurring in compact bone

20
Q

What are the lines surround osteons called

A

cement lines

21
Q

What is the mineral of bone made from

A

Hydroxyapatite

22
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells

A

cells located on bone surfaces - reserve pool of osteoblasts

23
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

24
Q

What are osteocytes

A

a mature bone cells trapped within bone matrix

25
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Bone resorption cells - break down bone and release the minerals

26
Q

Describe process of bone remodelling

A

Osteoclasts drill down into bone forming a tunnel.

A blood vessel grows into the tunnel bringing with it osteoblasts which line the tunnel and begin laying down new lamellar bone.

This process continues until only the space of a Haversian canal remains.

27
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from

A

macrophages

28
Q

Osteoid definition

A

collective term for the secretions of osteoblasts

Orthopaedics (16 decks)

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