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MSK > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 principle types of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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2
Q

Describe the major features of skeletal muscle

A

Striated
Unbranched - long fibres
Multinucleated - syncytium

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3
Q

What is the name for the cell membrane in muscle cells

A

sarcolemma

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4
Q

A muscle tends to only contain one fascicle - true or false

A

False

Usually contains several

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5
Q

What are fascicle made up of

A

A number of individual muscle cells

These are made up of many myofibrils which can be divided into sarcomeres (made of actin and myosin)

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6
Q

What causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscles

A

repeating pattern of actin and myosin in the sarcomere

As myosin is thicker the pattern shows up as a series of dark and light bands

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7
Q

What does a motor unit consist of

A

One motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates

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8
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

The synapse between the motor neurone and the muscle

The neurone travels down from the brain and spinal cord and terminates near the muscle

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9
Q

The more muscle fibres in a motor unit, the finer the control - true or false

A

False

fewer fibres = finer movement

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10
Q

How are the cells in cartilage nourished

A

Diffusion through the extracellular matrix

It is permeable and avascular

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11
Q

How are cells in bone nourished

A

Must be nourished by the vessels that pervade the tissue

They have blood supply as they aren’t permeable

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12
Q

What is the extracellular space that chondrocytes live in

A

a lacuna

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13
Q

Chondrocytes are active cells, what do they secrete

A

They secrete the compounds to form the extracellular matrix

Also help to maintain it

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14
Q

What makes up the ECM in cartilage

A

Mostly water
Type 2 collagen - forms a meshwork
Proteoglycans

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15
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Found at end of bones e.g. costal regions
Also in trachea

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16
Q

Where do you find elastic cartilage

A

The ear

It has a lot of elastic fibres that make it flexible

17
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A

Hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage

Appears in connections between tendons and bone

18
Q

what are the functions of bone

A 
Support 
Levers for movement 
Protection of internal organs - hard tissue 
Calcium store 
Haemopoiesis  - blood cell production
19
Q

What are the 2 types of bone

A

Cortical

Cancellous/ trabecular

20
Q

Where is cortical bone found

A

Forms the dense outer layer of the bone sheath

21
Q

Where is cancellous or trabecular bone found

A

Occupies the end of bone - epiphyses

Its the fine meshwork

22
Q

What is the main difference between the 2 types of bone

A

Trabecular bone has spaces adjacent to it
Cortical does not - it is compact

Trabecular bone tends to lack haversian canals

23
Q

What are the living cells in bone called

A

osteocytes

24
Q

Is bone a living or dead tissue

A

Living

Therefore requires a blood supply

25
Q

what is found in the haversian canals

A

Blood vessels that supply the bone

26
Q

What type of bone is sometimes called ‘spongy’

A

trabecular

27
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells

A

located on bone surfaces
pool of reserve osteoblasts
If there is a break they will proliferate and form new bone

28
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells
Found on the surface of developing bone
Have lots of mitochondria and RER

29
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Living bone cells that are trapped within the matrix

30
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Large multinucleated cells found on the surface of bone

Break down bone - responsible for bone resorption

31
Q

How do osteoblasts form bone

A

Secrete collagen, GAG and other proteins (including enzymes) into the extracellular matrix
Over time this becomes mineralised by attracting calcium
Eventually the mature bone will be formed

32
Q

What is the main mineral component of bone

A

calcium phosphate crystals

33
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived from

A

The macrophage lineage of cells

34
Q

What is woven bone

A

A weaker formation of bone
Collagen is laid down in an unorganised way
First thing that forms in healing -e.g. after break
In time it is broken down and replaced by lamellar bone

MSK (21 decks)

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