Histology Flashcards
Name the strucure
C. Club cell (in a Terminal bronchiole)
Name the strucure
C. Alveolar sac lumen
Name the structure
A. Hyaline cartilage in the nose septum
Name the structure
C. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Name the structure
C. Condrocytes
Name the structure
B. Hyaline cartilage in the sub-mucosa
Name the structure
D. Bowman’s gland in the Regular bronchiole
Name the structure
B. Intrapulmunary bronchus
Name the structure
E. Lumen of regular bronchiole (no cartilage)
Name the structure
E. Mucos gland
What is the type of epithelium in the alveolar duct?
Simple squamous epithelium cells: pneumocyte type 1 facing the lumen and type 2 are bigger
What are the parts of the conducting part of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx
Function: warming, humidifying, cleaning, and delivery of air
What are the parts of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac and the lung alveoli
Function: where gas exchange take place
Describre the respiratory epithelium (trachea)
- Mucosa: pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial with goblet cells + lamina propria (loose CT, rich in elastic fibers and capillaries, produces epinephrine and serotonin)
- Submucosa: denser CT and glands, rich in elastic fibers
- Cartilage muscle: part of the submucosa, hyaline cartilage
- Adventia: dense irregular CT
What are the main types of cells in the olfactory cavity?
3 types of cells
- Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons –> one dendrite and one axon)
- Basal cells (sometimes stem cells)
- bowman’s gland under the BM
- microvilli and olfactory cillia (they do not move, only interact with chemicals to catch the odors)
*Brush border but no cilia
What caracterizes the pulmonary bronchus histology appearance?
- RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM (PSEUDOSTRATIFIED) (rich in columnar cells, less goblet cells)
- Lamina propria (smaller)
- No mucosa glands (and fewer number of goblet cells)
- Smooth muscle layer
- Incomplete hyaline cartilage (plates of cartilage surrounded by perochondrium)
What caracterizes the REGULAR bronchiole histology appearance?
- COLUMNAR CILLIATED EPITHELIUM
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria (contain bowman’s glands)
- Thick layer of smooth muscle (parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction and sympathetic stimulation relaxation)
- no goblet cells
- No cartilage
What caracterizes the TERMINAL bronchiole histology appearance?
- Epithelium
- NEW CELL ALERT !!!!!! club cells (unique of small bronchioles), they produce surfactanth
- still a few cilliated columnar cells
- Lamina propria
- Smooth muscle (becoming thinner)
What caracterizes the RESPIRATORY bronchiole histology appearance?
- Epithelium (club cells only)
- Interruptions in the walls to open in the atrium with many lung aveoli facing
- Smooth muscle
What caracterizes the alveolar duct histological appearance?
- Simple squamous epithelium cells
- pneumocyte type 1 facing the lumen
- pneumocytes type 2 are bigger : produce surfactant to avoid the alveolar collapse
-
Mucosa wall highly interrupted
- covered in CLARA CELLS (produce surfactant)
- no lamina propria
- Macrophages
- Capillary network passing through
- Elastin and collagen fibers
What are the 3 components of the blood-air barrier?
- Pneumocyte type 1
- Shared basement membrane (make passing CO2/O2 more efficient)
- endothelium cells
What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)?
Lack of Dynein Arms (heavy-chain mutation: DNAH5; human intermediate dynein mutation: DNAI1
- Renders cilia and sperm immotile or dysmotile
- Impaired mucus clearing (bronchiectasis)
- Chronic Sinusitis
- Male Infertility
- Situs Inversus (Kartagener’s syndrome) 50% of patients
What is the consequence of Radial Spoke Protein 2 (RSP) Mutations
Immotile cilia and sperms
By what is caused Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
Deficiency of surfactant
describe what you might find in the pseudo strastifies columnar ciliated epithelium (respiratory epithelium) : squamous metaplasia
- goblet cell
- ciliated cells
- brush cell (sensory cells ?)
- short cells (stem cells)
- small granule cell (argentaffin/produces epinephrine and serotonine)
what can you see in a cross section of a cilia ? What is it composed of ? What’s at its base ?
-
axoneme
- 9 outer pair of MT and 1 inner pair
- radia spoke (linking the ( MT pair to the central pair)
- nexin (connecting the MT between each other and confers stability)
- dynein arm
- at the base of the cilium, you have a basal body
- composed of 9 triplets of mT (2 complete and 1 incomplete), but don’t have central MT pair.
2 mutations that affect the axoneme ?
- primary ciliary dyskenesia (PCD)
- Radial Spoke protein 2 (RSP)
what are the main mutation that affects epithelial cells ? What does it lead to ?
- Cystic Fibrosis (mutation to the CFTR gene)
- thick mucus obstruct the airways and allows bacterial infection
- also affects the pancreas and the reproductive system
what kind of epithelium is in the olfactory epithelium ? What cells aren’t there compared to the respiratory epithelium ?
pseudostratified epithelium, but no goblet cells
in the submocosa of the trachea, what glands can you find ?
-
serous acinus
- pyramidal shape, short and diminute lumen. Rest on the BM, watery secretions
-
mucous acinus
- bigger, more columnar and don’t stain well with H&E. Nuclear are flat and closer to the BM
What structure is super important in the pneumocuytes type II ?
- smaller lamellar body that contain the surfactant protein and lecithin (phospholipids) that’s gonna be complexed by the golgi apparatus to mature and fuse and be release in the lumen of alveoli
