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Cardiovascular > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

1) Transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues
2) Transport carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from the tissues
3) Regulate temperature
4) Distribute hormones and immune cells
5) Reproductive function in males- pinile erection

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2
Q

Where is the blood found at rest?

A

65% peripheral veins, 20% in heart and lungs, 10% inn peripheral arteries and 5% in capillaries

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of any blood vessel?

A

1) Tunica intima
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica adventicia

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4
Q

What composes the tunica intima?

A

A single layer of squamous epithilial cells (endothilium) with a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue

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5
Q

What comprises the tunica media?

A

Predominantly of smooth muscle cells

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6
Q

What comprises the tunica adventicia?

A

Connective tissue blending with surrounding connective tissue

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7
Q

What separates the 3 layers of the vessel wall?

A

Elastic membranes which have perforations

1) Internal elastic membrane
2) External elastic membranes

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8
Q

Name some elastic arteries?

A

Aorta and pulmonary arteries

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9
Q

What makes elastic arteries unique?

A

Some of the smooth muscle in the media is replaced by elastic fibres providing elastic recoil to maintain a diastolic BP

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10
Q

How do large arteries obtain oxygen and nutrients?

A

The vessels have a vascular supply in the tunica adventicia: Vasa Vasorum

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of an arteriole?

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media and almost no adventicia. Diameter of 30-200 microns

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

A

Single layer of epithilial cells and a basal lamina. Diameter of 4-8 microns. Often have pericytes just outside the basel lamina

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13
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Connective tissue cells with contractile properties

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary?

A

Continuous
Fenistrated- 50nm pores in the wall
Sinusoidal/discontinuous- no basal lamina and large gaps in which marcomolocules can pass through

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15
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, lung, skin and nerves

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16
Q

Where are fenistrated capillaries found?

A

Gut, endocrine glands, glomeruli of kidney

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17
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen and bone marrow

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18
Q

How do small arterioles connect to post capillary venules?

A

Through the mircovasculature- a network of metarterioles, thoroughfare channels and capillaries

19
Q

What is the function of a thoroughfare channel?

A

To shunt blood from the arteriole to the venous side

20
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Smooth muscle sphincters at the beginning of the capillary which help control the flow through the network

21
Q

What are the characteristics of a post capillary venule?

A

10-30 microns. Endothilial cells lined with a thin layer of connective tissue and occasional pericytes.
Site of exchange of inflammatory molecules

22
Q

What are the characteristics of venuoles?

A

> 50 microns with intermittent smooth muscle cells in a tunica media

23
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A

Have a tunica intima, thin but continuous tunica media.
The largest veins have a thick tunica adventicia which incorporates bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle
Valves which are the extensions of the tunica intima

24
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, Myocardium and Epicardium

25
Q

Which layer of the heart lines the surface of the heart and the valves and what is it made up of?

A

Endocardium. Made from endothilium, basal lamina, thin layer of collagen, layer of denser connective tissue. Some areas have a sub endocardium.

26
Q

Where is the sub endocarium mainly found and what is it?

A

Occurs in the ventricular septum and contains the purkinje fibres.
Bubendocardium = lose connective tissue containing small vessels, nerves, branches of the impulse conducting system

27
Q

What is the structure of the myocardium?

A

1) Bundles and layers of contractile cardiac muscle fibres 2) Individual fibres are surrounded by collagenous connective tissue with a rich network of capillaries
3) Have intercollated discs at regular intervals to anchor the cells together and to allow the spread of elecricial activity

28
Q

How many nuclei do cardiac myocyes have?

A

1

29
Q

What is found within an intercollated disc?

A

Desomsomes between intermediate fillaments
Zonula adherens between actin fillaments
Gap junctions allow for the spread of depolarisation

30
Q

What is the structure of the epicardium?

A

Mesothilium, basal lamina, fibroelastic connective tissue and sometimes adipose tissue

31
Q

Where are the coronary vessels found?

A

Embedded in the adipose tissue on the surface of the heart

32
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium- tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue
Parietal serous pericardium- mesothilium with basal lamina and connective tissue
Visceral serous pericardium-mesothilium with basal lamina and connective tissue

33
Q

How much fluid is normally in the pericardium and what is its function?

A

15-50ml of pericardial fluid providing lubrication for heart movement

34
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton?

A

Structural support for the heart formed from thick bands of fibrous connective tissue around the valves, between the atria and the ventricles.

35
Q

What is the functions of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Supports the valves and provides attachment for cardiac muscle. Electrical insulator and the tunnel for the AV bundle is critically important

36
Q

What is the structure of the heart valves?

A

1) Outer endothilial layer with basal lamina
2) Layer of collagen and elastic fibres
3) Core of fense irregular connective tissue called the LAMINA FIBROSA that is continuous with the fibrous skeleton of the heart.

37
Q

Are blood vessels present in the valves?

A

No

38
Q

How are leaflet valves attached to the wall of the ventricles?

A

Leaflet valves are attched to papillary muscles in the wall of the ventricles be collagenous strands called chordae tendondae which merge with the lamina fibrosa

39
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cells?

A 
Contractile cells
Pacemaker cells (specialised muscle cells- not nerve cells)
Conducting cells (specialised muscle cells- not nerve cells)
40
Q

What are the characteristics of pacemaker cells?

A

Smaller than contractile cells- 4-8 microns.
Embedded in a more extensive matrix of connective tissue
Appear pale (few organelles, contractile fibres and no T tubles)

41
Q

What are the characteristics of purkinje cells?

A

Large cells which lie in the sub-endocardial layer
Abundant glycogen, no T tubles, no intercollated discs and sparse contractile fibres
Appear pale with a clear centre

42
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Drain tissue fluid returning it to the circulation via veins in the neck

43
Q

Where do lymph vessels originate and what are the characteristics of lymph vessels?

A

Originate in tissues embedded in connective tissue.
Thin walled and look like capillaries. No central pump so fluid moves due to smooth muscle in walls, hydro static pressure ad compression of the vessels by voluntary muscles and valves

Cardiovascular (24 decks)

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