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reproduction and sexual health > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the lining of the ovary

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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2
Q

where is a common site for ovarian cancer

A

the simple cuboidal epithelium

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3
Q

what is another name for the dense connective tissue

A

tunica albuginea

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4
Q

how are oogonia formed

A

early in embryonic development around week 6 germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia
these cells will undergo development and division via meiosis to form mature oocytes which are also termed ova

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5
Q

what is folliculogenesis

A

growth of the follicle which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells

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6
Q

loss of oogonia and oocytes by an apoptosis-based process is called

A

atresia

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7
Q

before birth meiosis begins in the oocyte but halts at what stage

A

prophase I

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8
Q

if the oocyte fails to associate with what cells it will die

A

pregranulosa cells

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9
Q

if the pregranulosa cells in the follicle enter the growth phase they will become

A

cuboidal (squamous before)

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10
Q

how are primary follicles defined

A

by the cuboidal granulosa cells

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11
Q

what is the zona pellucida

A

a layer of special extracellular matrix between the oocyte and granulosa cells

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12
Q

with further development what happens to the granulosa layer

A

it proliferates

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13
Q

oestrogen precurosors are secreted from what

A

inner layers of the adjacent stromal cells which transform to form a layer called the theca interna

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14
Q

what converts the oestrogen precursors to oestrogen

A

granulosa cells

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15
Q

what forms the theca externa

A

the outer fibroblast layers

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16
Q

what is the antrum

A

a space filled with follicular fluid which forms and enlarges in the granulosa layer forming a secondary follicle

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17
Q

what happens a day before ovulation

A

the oocyte in the largest graafian follicle will complete meiosis but instead of producing 2 equal cells it will produce one cell called a secondary oocyte similar in size to the primary oocyte and one tiny polar body that carries the second nucleus away to degenerate

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18
Q

the secondary oocyte will then begin the second phase of meiosis but stops at what phase

A

metaphase II

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19
Q

when is meiosis completed

A

when it has been released and fertilised by a sperm producing a polar body

20
Q

after ovulation what happens to the follicle

A

transforms into a coprups luteum with the theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogens and progesterone which helps prepare the uterus for implantation

21
Q

if no implantation occurs what happens to the corpus luteum

A

it will become a white connective tissue called the corpus albicans

22
Q

if implantation occurs what happens

A

the placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum for a time which maintains progesterone levels which in turn maintains the pregnancy

23
Q

what is the ampulla of the uterine tube lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells which is surrounded by smooth muscle

24
Q

how many smooth muscle layers in the ampulla

A

2

25
Q

how many smooth muscle layers in the isthmus

A

3

26
Q

what is the lining of the isthmus

A

mostly secretory with few ciliated cells

27
Q

what layer is shed during menstruation

A

endometrium

28
Q

what is the myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

29
Q

what is the perimetrium

A

an outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue

30
Q

what is the endometrium divided into

A

the stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

31
Q

what happens to the stratum funcitonalis

A

it undergoes monthly loss, degeneration and loss

32
Q

what happens to the stratum basalis

A

reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis

33
Q

in the uterus what causes the stroma to proliferate

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines glands

stroma proliferates due to oestrogen

34
Q

during the secretory phase what do the glands secrete

A

glycogen

35
Q

how does the shedding of the lining occur

A

during the menstrual phase arterioles in the functionalis undergo constriction, depriving the tissue of blood and causing ischaemia with resulting tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing

36
Q

what is the tissue of the cervix mostly like

A

mostly fibrous connective tissue covered with stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface v but transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium

37
Q

where does cervical cancer often begin

A

in the transitional zone between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium

38
Q

how do the secretions of the mucous glands in the cervix vary depending on the womans cycle

A

thin and watery in the proliferative phase (to allow the passage of sperm)
thick and viscous following ovulation (prevent the passage of sperm, or microorganisms)

39
Q

what are the 4 layers of the vagina

A

non-keratinized stratified, squamous epithelium, (during reproductive years, this layer is thicker and cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation)

  1. lamina propria -connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin walled-blood vessels
  2. fibromuscular layer-inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
  3. adventitia
40
Q

are there glands in the walls of the vagina

A

no it is lubricated by mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria

41
Q

how does glycogen help prevent growth of bacteria

A

commensal bacteria metabolize the glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria

42
Q

what is the mons pubis

A

skin which contains highly oblique hair follicles (produce coarse, very curly hair characteristic of pubic hair) overlying a substantial subcutaneous fat pad which itself overlies the pubic sympyhysis

43
Q

what is the labia majora extensions of

A

mons pubis

44
Q

where are the hair follicles in relation to the labia majora

A

on the outer surface

45
Q

what are the labia minora

A

thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles but are risk in vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin

46
Q

what is part of the external genitalia in females

A

labia minora and clitoris

47
Q

what is the clitoris histologically

A

two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa) covered by a fibrocartilagenous sheath covered by skin with risk innervation and a thin epidermis

reproduction and sexual health (24 decks)

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