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Anatomy II > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant protein in body; Made up of three α-chains

A

Collagen

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2
Q

What are the relevant types of collagen for therapists?

A

Types I and II

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3
Q

What tissues do type I collagen make up? [made of two alpha1 (I) and one alpha2 (I)]

A
  1. Dermis of skin
  2. Fascia
  3. Bone
  4. Fibrous cartilage
  5. Ligaments
  6. Meniscus
  7. Tendons
    - resist tension type stress
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4
Q

What tissues are made of type II collagen? [all 3 chains made of alpha1 (II)]

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage
    - resist compression type stress
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5
Q

What types of collagen form fibrils which make up connective tissues and cartilage?

A

Types I, II, and III

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6
Q

What types of collagen do not form fibrils [make up basal lamina, distributed uniformly throughout connective tissue]?

A

Types IV - IX

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7
Q

What make Type I collagen?

A
  1. Fibroblasts - tendons, ligaments

2. Osteoblasts - bone

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8
Q

What make Type II collagen?

A

Chondroblasts - cartilage

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9
Q

What happens within the rER?

A
  1. Three α-chains combine to form a triple helix; Ends are loose
  2. The α-chains are enzymatically altered (Hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues; Requires vitamin C; Addition of sugar groups to the α-chains)
  3. The triple helix is now called procollagen
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10
Q

What helps the procollagen (triple helix) stay soluble so the procollagen can get out of the cell?

A

loose ends

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11
Q

What happens to procollagen once it exits the cell?

A

loose ends are cut off and connect with other collagen fibers and become a fibril

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12
Q

The enzymes that performs the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues

A

hydroxylases

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13
Q

What is required for the function of hydrolxylases?

A

Vitamin C

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14
Q

What removes the uncoiled part from the ends of procollagen?

A

Procollagen petidase

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15
Q

another name for collagen

A

tropocollagen

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16
Q

What is an example of a long bone?

A
  • bones that have a shaft with a space inside the shaft
    1. Metacarpals
    2. femur
    3. tibia
    4. humerus
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17
Q

What are the parts of a long bone?

A
  1. Diaphysis - shaft
  2. Epiphysis - end
  3. Articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage
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18
Q

What is the main function of long bones?

A

lever systems for movement

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19
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A
  1. Carpals

2. tarsals

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20
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A
  1. Ribs
  2. scapula
  3. parts of pelvic girdle
  4. bones of skull
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21
Q

What are the functions of flat bones?

A
  1. Muscle attachment

2. protection

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22
Q

Where do short bones generally exist?

A

regions of limited movement

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23
Q

What are examples of irregular bones

A
  1. Vertebrae
  2. ossicles of the ear
    - function is determined by location and a specialized purpose
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24
Q

Enclosed within tendons or fascial tissue

A

Sesamoid bones

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25
Q

What are examples sesamoid bones?

A
  1. Patella

2. pisiform

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26
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

Improve moment arms for muscles and joints (can be weight bearing

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27
Q

Collagen fiber synthesis: _____ will combine to form _____, which combine to form fibrils

A

Microfibrils; subfibrils

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28
Q

What are the 3 classifications of muscles?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle
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29
Q

AKA voluntary muscle or striated muscle; multinucleate with nuclei in periphery; under voluntary control

A

Skeletal muscle
40-50% body mass of adults
25% of new born

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30
Q

What is the time to peak tension of skeletal m? what is its shape of fibers?

A

20-100ms; Cylindrical

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31
Q

AKA visceral muscle; usually come in two layers (one longitudinal, one transverse); no striations; involuntary control, but does require innervation for contraction; one nucleus per cell, centrally located

A

smooth muscles

- in cylindrical organs

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32
Q

What is the time to peak tension of smooth m? what is its shape of fibers?

A

400-500ms; fusiform (spindle) shaped

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33
Q

Striated muscles in the heart; involuntary and has intrinsic rate of contraction; 1 or 2 nuclei (2 in perkinje fibers)

A

Cardiac muscle

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34
Q

What is the time to peak tension of cardiac m? what is its shape of fibers?

A

150 ms; branched

35
Q

Where two cardiac muscle fibers attach to each other; allows depolarization of one m cell to depolarize adjacent cell

A

intercalated disks

36
Q

What are the special features of cardiac muscles?

A
  1. Intrinsic mechanism for contractions
  2. More mitochondria than other muscle types (Over 90% of energy derived aerobically)
  3. Intercalated disks
37
Q

Can be ribbon-like; Ex. Sartorius, gracilis, rectus abdomens; Can shorten more than other types of muscles; Weaker than fusiform muscles

A

Longitudinal or parallel fiber type muscles

38
Q

spindle shaped; Thick in the middle and tapered at each end; i.e., Biceps brachii; Moderately strong contractions

A

Fusiform

39
Q

convergent; Broad fibers converge to a point; Pectorals major; Moderately strong contractions

A

fan-shaped

40
Q

muscle fibers come off one side of tendon – look like half a feather; i.e., Palmar interossei, semitendinosus, peroneus longus muscle

A

Unipennate

41
Q

muscle fibers come off both sides of tendon – look like whole feather; i.e., Rectus femoris

A

Bipennate

42
Q

multiple septa (connective tissue) in muscle which extend into the muscle attachments; i.e., Deltoid

A

Multipennate

43
Q

Four sided muscles; i.e., Quadratus lumborum, Quadratus femoris, Pronator quadratus

A

Quadrate muscles

44
Q

Sphincteral muscles; Close an opening when they contract; i.e., Orbicularis oculi, Orbicularis oris

A

circular muscle

45
Q

structure made up of more than one type of tissue

A

Organ

46
Q

What layer of connective tissue in muscle forms fascia?

A

epimysium

47
Q

what parts of the neuron receive and process info? which transfers info to somewhere else?

A

Cell body and dendrite; axon

48
Q

What layer of connective tissue produces fascicles?

A

perineurium

49
Q

Building up and breaking down of bone

A

bone remodeling

50
Q

when does bone remodeling occur? why does it occur?

A

all throughout life;

  1. Due to the stresses placed on it throughout life
  2. Helps modulate the level of calcium in blood
51
Q

When is bone deposition > bone resorption (positive bone balance)? When is bone resorption > bone deposition (negative bone balance)?

A

Growing years; during old age

52
Q

Activates osteoclasts; Increases calcium absorption in the GI tract by increasing synthesis of Vitamin D; Decreases calcium loss in kidneys

A

PTH

- increases calcium in the blood

53
Q

What factors regulate bone deposition/ resporption?

A
  1. PTH
  2. Vit D
  3. Calcitonin
54
Q

Increases calcium absorption in the gut

A

Vit D

55
Q

Increases bone deposition through acting on the osteoblasts

A

Calcitonin

-intranasal spray for supplementation if needed

56
Q

Decreased calcium levels in serum results in [increase/ decrease] bone resorption and [increase/ decrease] PTH secretion

A

Increase; increase

57
Q

Increased calcium levels in serum results in [increase/ decrease] bone resorption and [increase/ decrease] PTH secretion

A

Decrease; decrease

58
Q

What are the purpose of Haversian systems in compact bones?

A
  1. Bone nutrients can get in; gets waste out

2. So bone can adapt to changing stresses put on it

59
Q

How nutrients travel into and waste travels out of the cell; Osteocyte processes travel out of; Connect lacunae together; Connect lacunae to Haversian canal

A

Canaliculi

60
Q

Outside of bony matrix bc it makes bone

A

Osteoblasts

61
Q

Encased within the bony matrix; Process nutrients to modify the haversian system

A

osteocytes

62
Q

layers of bone

A

Lamellae

63
Q

Connect adjacent haversian canals

A

Volkmann’s canal

64
Q

carry blood vessels and nerves for the bone

A

Haversian canal

65
Q

What makes up the haversian system?

A
  1. Haversian canal
  2. Volkmann’s canal
  3. Lacunae
  4. Lamellae
  5. Osteocytes
  6. Osteoblasts
  7. Canaliculi
66
Q

AKA trabecular bone; Lacks haversian system; Does not have concentric lamellae; Lamellae instead are arranged in bars called trabeculae which form an irregular meshwork; Pattern determined by the direction of force or stress placed on the bone

A

Cancellous bone

67
Q

What are spaces between trabecular filled with?

A
  1. Red bone marrow
  2. Osteocyte-containing lacunae which are connected by canaliculi (Capillaries pass through the marrow to nourish the osteocytes)
68
Q

Where are long bones cancellous at?

A

ends of the bone

69
Q

Where is cancellous bone located?

A

profund to compact bone

70
Q

What is the center of the bone called? what does it contain?

A

Medullary canal; red bone marrow

71
Q

What makes blood?

A

Red bone marrow

72
Q

Most children’s bones have red marrow in them. Adults have a number of bones that have red marrow lessen. What is red bone marrow replaced by?

A

yellow marrow (fat)

73
Q

Primitive form of connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

  • develops from mesoderm
  • develops model of bones around 5th week
74
Q

When do primary ossification centers appear?

A

7th - 12th week

- intramembranous ossification

75
Q

When does endochondral bone formation (ossification)begin?

A

6th week

76
Q

First place we begin to form bone; Arrival of vascular connective tissue into the model brings collagen-secreting osteoblasts into the center of the future diaphysis

A

primary ossification center

- The body of the model, which is ossified from the primary ossification center, becomes the diaphysis of the bone

77
Q

By birth, the primary ossification center has almost reached the ends of the cartilage bone model; Growth of a bone no longer occurs through growth within the diaphysis; Growth occurs at the ends of bones at this region

A

secondary ossification center

i. e., Epiphyseal plates, growth plates
- most form after birth

78
Q

bone distal to the epiphyseal plate

A

epiphysis

79
Q

Where are osteoblasts located? osteoclasts?

A

Deep layers of periosteum; medullary cavity

80
Q

one out of every three amino acids in collagen is ____. 20 % are _____ and ______.

A

Glycine; Proline and hydroxyproline

81
Q

The orientation of tropocollagen molecules is staggered. Microfibers combine to form _____, which combine to form ______.

A

Sub fibrils; fibrils

82
Q

For increased strength, the collagen molecules are _____ linked. A lysine residue on one collagen molecule will join to an ______ on a different collagen molecule. One enzyme involved in this is ______, a copper-containing enzyme

A

covalently; amino acid; Lysyl oxidase

83
Q

What disease is due to collagen deficiencies? symptoms include abnormalities of the eyes, severe scoliosis, hyper extensibility of skin and joints, hip dislocations, short stature, increased skin elasticity

A

Ehlers-Dalos syndrome

Anatomy II (8 decks)

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