Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endo Repro - Maja > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Does the endocrine system have ducts?

A

No - secretes directly into the vascular channels (highly vascularized with rich blood supply)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Specific molecules secreted into the bloodstream that elicit selective responses from organs, tissues or cells

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are hormones often regulated?

A

via feedback loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do cells need to have in order for hormones to be effective on them?

A

Complementary receptor molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give examples of amino acid derived hormones in the body (includes proteins, glycoproteins, peptides or modified AA)

A

Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Pancreatic islet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from ___________

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amino acid derived hormones are from what embryonic tissue layer?

A

endoderm or ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from what embryonic layer?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of hormone will be derived from cells with abundant SER?

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In order for a hormone to target an intracellular receptor, the hormone must be _____ _______

A

lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

All amino acid derived hormones (except thyroid) target this receptor location

A

Cell surface receptors (on plasma membrane of target cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the differences in action between cell surface and intracellular receptors

A

Cell surface receptors activate secondary messenger cascades

Intracellular receptors target nucleus and activate gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Discrete gland examples

A 
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glands with endocrine and exocrine function

A

Kidney
Pancreas
Gonads
Placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Do paracrine secretions involve the vascular system?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endocrine secretions

A

hormones secreted into the blood to target distant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

paracrine secretions

A

neighboring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

autocrine

A

Target sites on the same cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is the pituitary linked to the hypothalamus?

A

Via the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of tissue is the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) or the pituitary?

A

glandular epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) or the pituitary?

A

neural secretory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does the posterior pituitary stain lighter than the anterior?

A

Neurons. They don’t stain well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

Oropharynx ectoderm

Rathke’s pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the fancy vascular system that supplies the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal Portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What 2 sets of vessels make up the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

A

Superior hyophyseal arteries

Inferior hypophyseal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What arteries make up the superior hypophyseal arteries and what area is supplied by this?

A

Arise from the internal carotid arteries and posterior communicating arteries of circle of willis
Supplies pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What makes up the inferior hypophyseal arteries and what are is supplied by this?

A

Arise from internal carotids

Supply pars nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Does the anterior lobe of the pituitary have arterial blood supply?

A

No, not directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Route of pituitary blood supply?

A

Arteries - fenestrated capillaries - portal veins - hypophyseal portal veins - second fenestrated sinusoidal capillary network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does the anterior pituitary stain?

A

Dark - makes hormones so lots of RER and ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does the posterior pituitary stain?

A

Lighter - nonmyelinated axons, nerve ending and blood vessels stain faintly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which region of pituitary will you wind vesicles with colloid?

A

pars intermedia

34
Q

3 division of the anterior pituitary

A 
Pars distalis (75%)
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
35
Q

What types of cells are in the pars distalis?

A

Chromophobes (light)

Chromophils (dark)

36
Q

Two types of chromophils?

A

Acidophils (stain pink)

Basophils (stain purple)

37
Q

Somatotropes (GH, STH) and Mammotropes (PRL) are this type of chromophil

A

Acidophil

38
Q

Thyrotropes (TSH), Gonadotropes (FSH, LH, ICSH), Corticotropes (ACTH, MSH) are this type of chromophil

A

Basophil

39
Q

What types of hormones are made from basophils?

A

TSH (thyrotropes)
FSH, LH, ICSH (gonadotropes)
ACTH, MSH (corticotropes)

40
Q

What types of hormones are made from acidophils?

A

GH, STH (somatotropes)

PRL (mammotropes)

41
Q

The pars intermedia is lined by _____ _____ and filled with _____

A

Cuboidal epithelium

Colloid

42
Q

what is produced in the pars intermedia?

A

MSH and corticotropes

43
Q

The superior hypophyseal arteries terminate here (forming primary portal system plexus)

A

Pars tuberalis

44
Q

The cells of the pars tuberalis contain these two hormones

A

FSH and LH

45
Q

This neural track passes through the infundibular stalk

A

Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

46
Q

Hormones of the pars nervosa? (2)

A

Oxytocin

ADH

47
Q

Where would you find pituicytes and herring bodies?

A

pars nervosa

48
Q

Oxytocin functions?

A

Suckling, uterine contractions

49
Q

Diabetes insipidus pathology?

A

Lack of ADH (or mutated receptor)

50
Q

Location of the pineal gland?

A

Attached by stalk to roof of 3rd ventricle between 2 hemispheres
Not separated by BBB

51
Q

What innervates the pineal gland?

A

SNS (from superior cervical ganglion)
PNS
Epinephrine

52
Q

Cell types of the pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes (produce melatonin)

Glial cells

53
Q

What do pinealocytes do?

A

Produce melatonin

54
Q

Radiologic marker for the pineal gland?

A 
Brain sand (corpora arenacea)
-concentration of calcium phosphate and carbonate on carrier proteins
55
Q

Melatonin function

A
  • Suppresses gonadotrophin (FSH and LH) via hypothalamus inhibition
  • Retards gonadal growth and function
  • Alters emotional responses to changes in day length
56
Q

Embryologic origin of thyroid?

A

Pharyngeal endoderm (same as tongue)

57
Q

Structure of thyroid

A

Two lateral lobes connected by isthmus
CT capsule
adjacent to larynx and upper trachea

58
Q

Functional unit of the thyroid?

A

Follicles, surrounded by fenestrated capillaries

59
Q

2 cell types of the thyroid

A 
Follicular cells (principal)
Parafollicular cells (c cells)
60
Q

Histology of the thyroid follicle?

A

Simple epithelium (cuboidal, squamous and columnar)

61
Q

What types of cells synthesize thyroid hormones?

A

Follicular cells

62
Q

Basal end of follicular cells face which direction?

A

Towards the basement membrane, away from colloid

63
Q

Physiology of inactive follicular cells?

A 
"resting"
Basal levels of thyroglobulin
Low cuboidal to squamous
Few mito, small golgi
some RER
64
Q

Physiology of active follicular cells?

A 
Stimulated by TSH (from pit.)
Columnar
Lots of mito, big golgi
Lots of RER
Lipid droplets/PAS pos.
Apical lysosomes
T3 and T4 release - basal surface
65
Q

Where are parafollicular cells found

A

between follicular cells and basement membrane (not on lumen)

66
Q

What is the function of parafollicular (c cells)?

A

Synthesize calcitonin

67
Q

Calcitonin function?

A

Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption
Decreases osteoclast motility and numbers
Promotes excretion of calcium and phosphate from kidneys

68
Q

What is necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4

A

Synthesis Thyroglobulin

Resorption, diffusion and oxidation of Iodide

69
Q

Where is thyroglobulin found?

A

Colloid (3 month supply stored)

70
Q

If you see vacuoles in the thyroid what does that mean?

A

the gland is active

71
Q

What AA is a large component of colloid?

A

Tyrosine

72
Q

What produces TSH?

A

thyrotropes (basophil) that are found in the pars distalis

73
Q

How is T3 and T4 produced?

A

Pinocytosis of thyroglobulin in colloid

  • fusion with lysosomes and thyroglobulin proteolysis
  • Formation and release of T3 and T4 to cytoplasm and diffusion (binds to carrier proteins)
74
Q

Where do you find the parathyroid glands?

A

Two pairs. Located on posterior surface of each lateral lobe.

75
Q

Embryologic origin of parathyroid?

A

Pharyngeal endoderm

76
Q

What separates parathyroid from thyroid?

A

CT capsules

77
Q

Name the three cell types of the parathyroid

A

Chief (principal)
Oxyphil
Fat

78
Q

Active Chief cell of Parathyroid

A

More RER, big golgi, vesicles
Depleted glycogen
Secreting PTH

79
Q

PTH function

A

Regulate circulating calcium

80
Q

How doe PTH increase blood calcium?

A

Increase osteoclast numbers indirectly by stimulating osteoblasts to produce osteoclast stimulating factor (RANKL)
Osteoclasts DO NOT have PTH receptor
Osteoclasts have PTH receptor

81
Q

What type of bone cell has a PTH receptor

A

Osteoblasts - makes osteoclast stimulating factor (RANKL)

Endo Repro - Maja (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions