Histology

Question 1

THIN and SPARSE collagen fibers, abundant ground substance
osurrounds small blood vessels
oSITE of INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE RXN
ex. Lamina Propia

Answer 1

Loose CT

Question 2

Abundant collagen fibers and Little ground substance/Few fibroblasts (provides STRENGTH)

• bundles running in various directions
  ex. submucsa of organs and reticular layer beneath the dermis

Answer 2

Dense Irregular CT

Question 3

main fxnl component of TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, and APONEUROSES aka flat tendon (very pink on the right)
o Fibers arranged in parallel & densely packed to provide strength

Answer 3

Dense Regular CT

Question 4

o Each collagen molecule is a triple helix composed of

Answer 4

3 intertwined polypeptide chains

Question 5

Loose/Dense c.t. seen in bone, tendon, ligaments, etc

Answer 5

Type I collagen

Question 6

Hyaline/Elastic Cartilage

Answer 6

Type II collagen

Question 7

Reticular fibers/Meshwork aka Granulation tissue

Answer 7

Type III collagen

Question 8

BM

Answer 8

Type IV collagen

Question 9

provide supporting framework for the cellular constituents of various tissues/organs & are similar to collagen _______ but composed of _______ collagen

Answer 9

Reticular Fibers, type I, type II

Question 10

Type I collagen to limit distensibility & prevent tearing/excessive stretch, fibroblasts & vascular smooth muscle cells, MAJOR Extracellular substance in ligamens, larynx, elastic arteries

Answer 10

Elastic Fibers

Question 11

most abundant glycoprotein in c.t. & fxns in cell attachment to ECM, and is a type of ______

Answer 11

fibronectin, glycoprotein

Question 12

binds osteoclasts and ataches them to underlying bone surface (Also sequesters calcium/promoting calcification of ECM), and is a type of ______

Answer 12

Osteopontin, Multiadhesive glycoprotein

Question 13

basal/external laminae & has binding sites for type IV collagen molecules

Answer 13

laminin

Question 14

GAG + Core Protein & look like a brush (syndecan and Aggrecan)

Answer 14

Proteoglycans

Question 15

principal cell of c.t. and responsible for synthesis of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, & complex carbs of ground substance (Purple cells)

Answer 15

fibroblasts

Question 16

elongated, spindly c.t. consisting of bundles of actin filament w/ associated actin motor proteins like non-muscle myosin, regulating the shape and emptying of the glands and wound contraction and closure

Answer 16

myofibroblasts

Question 17

phagocytic cells derived from monocytes & are also known as tissue histiocytes

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

spherical nucleus & basophil granules

Responsible for anaphylactic rxns: antibodies can bind to mast cells and release their contents/histamine

Answer 18

mast cells

Question 19

spherical nucleus & basophil granules

Responsible for anaphylactic rxns: antibodies can bind to mast cells and release their contents/histamine

Answer 19

cartilage

Question 20

chondroblasts are formed by the inner layer of perichondrium (cells produce collagen type I), they produce matrix (collagen type II) and turn to chondrocytes aka forming NEW cartilage AT surface of existing cartilage

Answer 20

apositional growth

Question 21

division of chondrocytes within the lacunae – isogenous groups aka forming new cartilage WITHIN cartilage mass

Answer 21

interstitial growth

Question 22

o Resting cell that can differentiate into osteoblast and secrete bone matrix
appositional bone formation
flattened cells that resemble fibroblasts

Answer 22

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 23

lining internal bone surfaces

line external bone surfaces

Answer 23

Endosteal

Periosteal

Question 24

____ increases osteoclast activity, ______ decreases it

Answer 24

PTH, calcitonin

Question 25

summarize intramembranous ossification

Answer 25

`mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, secrete osteoid, mineralize, enclose into lacunae to become osteocytes, growth via appositional growth via osteoprogenitor cells

Question 26

plate forms bone towards the opposite directions lengthening the bone – eventually it calcifies in the age of 20s

Answer 26

Epiphyseal Plate

Question 27

Layers of the epiphyseal cartilage

Answer 27

Reserve, Proliferation, Hypertrophy, Calcified Cartilage, Resorption

Increases in diameter with apositional growth and osteoclasts continually remodel the bone

Question 28

In bone growth and remodeling, what two things help keep levels of calcium and phosphate high in order for crystalization and mineralization to occur

Answer 28

Osteocalcin and  ALP/Alkaline phosphatase

Question 29

_____ crystals: initiate matrix mineralization by formation/deposition of _________crystals (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) into the matrix surrounding the osteoblasts

Answer 29

CaPO4, hydroxyapatite

Question 30

o ________ transmits info about degree of stretching in a muscle fiber/length
o SENSORY________ nerve fibers: carry info from muscle spindle to CNS
o ___________nerve fibers: from brain/SC that innervate spindle cells and regulate sensitivity of stretch receptor by ___________________in muscle spindle so it can sense stretch

Answer 30

Muscle spindle, afferent Ia, ϒ-motor efferent, keeping intrafusal fibers taut

Question 31

____________in tendons responds to increased tension via ______nerve fibers

Answer 31

golgi tendon organ, sensory afferent Ib