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Cardio > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Which two related systems does the CVS consist of?

A

Circulatory

Lymphatic

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2
Q

What are the roles of the circulatory system?

A 
Transport of O2 and nutrients to tissues
Transport of CO2 and waste from tissues 
Temperature regulation 
Distribution of hormones and immune cells 
Reproductive function in males
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3
Q

Where is the most of the blood in the body found?

A

Peripheral veins

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4
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia

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5
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium (Endothelium) supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

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6
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

Predominantly muscle

Significant amounts of elastic tissue in areas

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7
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia?

A

Supporting connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the elastic arteries?

A

The very largest arteries

e.g. Aorta

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9
Q

What is the histology of the elastic arteries?

A

Many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media (for elastic recoil)

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10
Q

What is the vasa vasorum and why is it needed?

A

Vascular supply to the elastic arteries
Since they are so large, only inner half of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen, so they have their own vascular supply

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11
Q

What is the histology of the muscular arteries?

A

Tunica intima extends to an internal elastic membrane

Between the tunica media and tunica adventitia is an external elastic membrane

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12
Q

What is the histology of the arterioles?

A

Only one or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

Almost no adventitia

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13
Q

What is the histology of the capillaries?

A

Essentially composed of endothelial cells and a basal lamina
Often have pericytes at intervals just outside the basal lamina

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14
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

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15
Q

What are the three type of capillaries, what is their function and where are they found?

A

Continuous = Most common. Continuous sheet of endothelial cells. Found in muscle, connective tissue, lung, skin, nerve.

Fenestrated = Found in places where easier access is needed. Have pores in wall. Found in mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands, glomeruli of kidneys

Sinusoidal or Discontinuous = Lack a basal lamina. Large gaps for macromolecules and sometimes cells to pass through. Found in liver, spleen and bone marrow

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16
Q

What is the microvasculature of a capillary bed?

A 
Small arteriole connected to a postcapillary venule through a network of metarterioles, thoroughfare channels and capillaries
Precapillary sphincters (composed of smooth muscle) at the beginning of the capillary help control flow through the network
17
Q

What is the histology of a postcapillary venule?

A

Endothelial cells associates with pericytes, or occasional smooth muscle cells
No continuous smooth muscle layer

18
Q

What commonly occurs at the post capillary venues?

A

Important sites for exchange (e.g. cells moving into tissue in inflammation), probably because of slowed flow velocity

19
Q

What is the histology of the veins?

A

Relatively thin tunica media, with continuous band of smooth muscle
Larger veins have large areas of adventitia
Largest veins ace smooth muscle attached to their adventitia

20
Q

What is the histology of the venous valves?

A

Inward extensions of the tunica intima

Most small to medium sized veins have these valves

21
Q

What are the three layers of the heart (from inside to outside)?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

22
Q

What is the histological structure of the endocardium?

A

Endothelium (specialised simple squamous epithelium)
Basal lamina
Thin layer of collagen fibres
Layer of denser connective tissue
Some areas also have a subendocardium of loose connective tissue containing small blood vessels, nerves and the branches of the impulse conducting system

23
Q

What is the histological structure of the myocardium?

A

Bundles and layer of contractile cardiac muscle fibres

Individual muscle fibres are surrounded by delicate, collagenous connective tissue with a rich network of capillaries

24
Q

What is the histological structure of the epicardium?

A

Single layer of flattened epithelium on the surface of the heart (mesothelium)
Basal lamina
Fibroelastic connective tissue and, in some places, adipose tissue

25
Q

Why does much of the epicardium have a layer of adipose tissue?

A

Large vessels are often found here

26
Q

What is the histology of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Sac of tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue

27
Q

What is the histology of the serous pericardium?

A

Made up of a ayer of simple squamous epithelium backed by basal lamina and connective tissue
Lines the inner surface of fibrous pericardium (parietal serous pericardium) and covers the heart surface (visceral serous pericardium, or epicardium)

28
Q

What is the histology of the fibrous skeleton of the heart, and what is its function?

A

Thick bands of connective tissue around the heart valves, between the atria and between the ventricles
Connective tissue supports the vales, and also provides attachment for cardiac muscle fibres

29
Q

What is the histology of the heart valves?

A

Outer endothelial layer with basal lamina
Layer of collagen and elastin fibres
Core of dense connective tissue (lamina fibrosa) that is in continuity with the fibrous skeleton
Leaflets of mitral and tricuspid are anchored by papillary muscles in the wall of the ventricle by collagenous strands of chord tendinae, which merge with the lamina fibrosa
No blood supply

30
Q

What are the three types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Contractile cells
Pacemaker cells
Conducting cells

31
Q

What is the histology of contractile cells?

A

Single central nucleus
Striated
Smaller than normal muscle cells
Intercalated discs allow for communication between cells
Gap junctions allow for spread of electrical activity

32
Q

What is the histology of pacemaker cells?

A

Specialised muscle cells
Smaller than contractile cells
Embedded in extensive connective tissue matrix
Pale due to paucity of organelles within
Few, irregularly arrange myofibrils
Little glycogen
No proper T-tubule system

33
Q

What is the histology of the Purkinje fibres (conducting cells)?

A 
Modified muscle cells
Larger than contractile cells 
Found in subendocardial layer 
Abundant glycogen
No T-tubules
No intercalated discs 
Sparse actin and myosin filaments, which tend to be found at the cell periphery 
Appear pale and often have a very pale/clear centre
34
Q

Since lymphatic vessels have no central pump, what produces the flow of lymph?

A

Smooth muscle in walls
Hydrostatic pressure in the tissue
Compression fo the vessels by voluntary muscle
Valves

Cardio (19 decks)

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