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Cardio > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

Antero-Septal Leads

A

V1-V4

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2
Q

Inferior Leads

A

II, III and aVF

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3
Q

Lateral Leads

A

V5-V6, I, aVL

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4
Q

ST elevation in antero-septal leads, with ST depression in inferior and lateral leads

A

Acute antero-septal MI

Left anterior descending coronary artery

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5
Q

Broad Complex Tachycardia

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

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6
Q

What may be seen on ECG in a digoxin overdose (with no toxicity)?

A

Reversed-tick-ST segment depression

First degree heart block

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7
Q

What may be seen on ECG in digoxin toxicity?

A

Complete atrioventricular block

Ventricular tachycardia

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8
Q

Causes of prolonged QT interval?

A

Drugs
Hypokalaemia
Bradycardia
Congenital

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9
Q

Normal QRS axis on ECG?

A

-30 to +90

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10
Q

Right axis deviation values?

A

+90 to +180

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11
Q

Causes of right axis deviation?

A 
Right ventricular hypertrophy 
Acute right ventricular strain (e.g. PE)
Anterolateral MI 
Some types of WPW syndrome
Right bundle branch block
Left posterior hemiblock (rare)
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12
Q

What would you see on ECG of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

A

Delta wave

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13
Q

What does the delta wave on ECG of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome represent?

A

Premature activation of the ventricles via an accessory electrical conductance pathway between the atria and ventricles

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14
Q

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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15
Q

What does the QRS complex represent on an ECG?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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16
Q

What does the T wave represent on an ECG?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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17
Q

Why is no atrial repolarisation visible on ECG?

A

It is masked by the QRS complex (ventricular depolarisation)

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18
Q

Which point on the ECG coincides with the first heart sound?

A

QRS complex

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19
Q

Which point in the ECG coincides with the second heart sound?

A

T wave

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20
Q

What does the QT interval represent?

A

Ventricular systole

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21
Q

How do you calculate ECG heart rate?

A

Divide 300 by the number of big squares per R-R interval

22
Q

Sinus rhythm characterisation?

A

P wave followed by QRS complex

23
Q

Atrial fibrillation characterisation?

A

No discernable P wave

Irregularly irregular QRS complex

24
Q

Atrial flutter characterisation?

A

Saw tooth baseline of atrial depolarisation

Regular QRS complexes

25
Q

Nodal rhythm characterisation?

A

Normal QRS complexes

Absent P waves (or P waves which occur just before/within QRS)

26
Q

Ventricular rhythm characterisation?

A

Broad QRS complexes with P waves following

27
Q

Left axis deviation values?

A

-30 to -90

28
Q

Causes of left axis deviation?

A 
Left anterior hemiblock 
Inferior MI
VT from LV focus
Some types of WPW syndrome
Left ventricular hypertrophy
29
Q

What could cause absent P waves?

A

Atrial fibrillation
Sinoatrial block
Junctional (AV nodal) rhythm

30
Q

What is the normal duration of the PR interval?

A

0.12-0.2s

31
Q

What is the normal duration of the QRS complex?

A

Less than 0.12s

32
Q

What might cause prolonged QRS complex?

A

Ventricular conduction defects

33
Q

What might cause a large QRS complex?

A

Ventricular hypertrophy

34
Q

When might you see pathological Q waves?

A

Hours after an MI

35
Q

What does ST elevation imply?

A

Infarction

36
Q

What does ST depression imply?

A

Ischaemia (e.g. NSTEMI)

37
Q

When would T waves be peaked?

A

Hyperkalaemia

38
Q

When might T waves be flattened?

A

Hypokalaemia

39
Q

How do you calculate ECG heart rate if it is irregular?

A

Count the number of QRS complexes in 30 large squares and multiply by 10

40
Q

How would First Degree AV Block present on an ECG?

A

Prolongation of PR interval

Every P wave is still followed by a QRS

41
Q

How would Mobitz Type I present on an ECG?

A

Progressive prolongation of PR interval until QRS is dropped

42
Q

How would Mobitz Type II present on an ECG?

A

Regular PR interval, with every nth QRS complex missing

43
Q

How would Third Degree AV Block present on an ECG?

A

No relationship between P waves and QRS complex

May see bradycardia and low cardiac output due to ventricular pacing by Purkinje fibres

44
Q

ST elevation in leads I, II and aVF is likely to be caused by stenosis in which artery?

A

Right coronary artery

45
Q

ST elevation in leads V1-6, I and aVL is likely to be caused by stenosis in which artery?

A

Left main stem

46
Q

ST elevation in leads I, aVL and V5-6 is likely to be caused by stenosis in which artery?

A

Circumflex

47
Q

ST elevation in leads V1-V4 is likely to be caused by stenosis in which artery?

A

Left anterior descending

48
Q

How would right bundle branch block appear on ECG?

A

Deep S waves in leads I and V6

Tall later R waves in lead V1

49
Q

How would left bundle branch block appear on ECG?

A

Deep S waves in lead V1
Tall late R waves in leads I and V6
Abnormal Q waves

50
Q

How would a posterior STEMI appear on ECG?

A

Tall R waves

ST depression in V1-V2

Cardio (19 decks)

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