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Study Notes - Gastroenterology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium is the oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx covered by

A

Generally non-keratinised (Except hard palate and gingiva) stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What type of epithelium is the nasal cavity and nasopharynx covered by?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

What type of epithelium covers the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
How does this vary between the ventral and dorsal surface

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Thin on ventral surface
Thick with papillae on the dorsal surface

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4
Q

Epithelium on the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

A

Smooth stratified squamous epithelium which lacks papillae, except the circumvallate papillae, but does have some lymphoid follicles in the submucosa

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of taste buds present on the tongue?

A

Fungiform
Cicumvallate
Foliate
Filiform (no tastebuds - occupy much of the dorsal surface of the tongue)

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6
Q

What are the 4 major layers of the digestive tract (from the oesophagus to the anal canal)

A

Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A 
Epithelium (sits on a basal lamina)
Lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
Muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle)
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8
Q

What is the submucosa

A

Loose connective tissue

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9
Q

What is the muscularis externa

A

2 thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer)

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10
Q

What is the serosa or adventitia

A

An outer layer of connective tissue that ether suspends the digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

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11
Q

What happens in terms of the epithelium at the cardia of the stomach

A

There is an abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium of the oesophagus t to simple columnar epithelium of the stomach

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12
Q

What are the holes in the surface of the stomach and what is at the bottom of these

A

Holes = gastric pits

There are 1-7 gastric glands at the bottom of these

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13
Q

What are gastric pits lined by

A

Surface mucous cells

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14
Q

In terms of the cells gastric gland, what does the pit contain mostly?
Isthmus?
Neck?
Base?

A 
Pit = surface mucous cells
Isthmus = parietal cells
neck = neck mucous cells and stem cells
Base = chief cells (few parietal cells and neuroendocrine cells)
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15
Q

What are chief cells of gastric glands?

A

digestive enzyme secreting cells

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16
Q

What are parietal cells of gastric glands

A

HCl acid producing cells

17
Q

How does the mucosa of the stomach differ across the cardia, body and pylorus?

A

The cardia contains deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed, tortuous glands
The body contains shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands
The pylorus contains deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in the cardia

18
Q

What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

It contains an additional oblique layer which located internal to the circular layer and aids in the churning action of the stomach

19
Q

What creates the pyloric sphincter?

A

The inner circular layer of smooth muscle is markedly thickened

20
Q

Epithelium of the small intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands

21
Q

Epithelium of the large intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands

22
Q

What are the crypts called between the bases of adjacent villi in the small intestine?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

23
Q

What makes the duodenum different from any other region of the GI tract

A

It contains glands within the submucosa called Brunner’s glands which when stimulated by the presence of chyme, produce a thin, alkaline mucous to neutralise the chyme

24
Q

What part of the small intestine has the tallest villi

A

The jejunum (located on the plicae circulars)

25
Q

What are the permanent circular folds on the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine (except the first part of the duodenum) called?

A

Plicae Circularis (these are not just folds of the mucosa, but also contain submucosa)

26
Q

What are the cells of the small intestinal epithelium

A 
Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Paneth cells
Neuroendocrine cells
Stem cells
27
Q

What are enterocytes

A

Most numerous cell in small intestinal epithelium
Tall columnar cells with a brush border
Principle absorptive cell

28
Q

What are goblet cells

A

Produce mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material

29
Q

What are paneth cells

A

Found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn and have a defensive function and role in regulating bacterial flora (secrete lysozyme and definsins)

30
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells produce?

A

Hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility e.g. CCK, gastrin, VIP

31
Q

Purpose of stem cells in small intestinal epithelium

A

Found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn

Divide to replenish the epithelium

32
Q

What does GALT stand for?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue - the gut has a substantial amount of lymphoid tissue associated with it

33
Q

What are Peyer’s patches

A

Areas of relatively large aggregations of lymphoid tissue, particularly in the ileum

34
Q

What are the 2 principal cell types present in the epithelium of the large intestine

A

Absorptive cells - for removal of salts and thereby water
Goblet cells - for the secretion of mucus to lubricate the colon (these are arranged in straight tubular glands referred to as crypts that extend down to the muscularis mucosae

35
Q

What is different about the outer, longitudinal smooth muscle in the large intestine

A

Is not continuous but instead found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli

36
Q

What is different about the structure of the appendix compared to the rest of the colon

A

The crypts are far less abundant
There is typically a circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and often the lamina propria (the lymphoid tissue tends to decline with age)

37
Q

What type of epithelium does the anal canal have

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

Where do most of the neurones of the enteric nervous system live?
What is this interconnected of fibres called?
What does it control?

A

In groups called ganglia between the 2 muscle layers that make the muscularis externa
Myenteric plexus
Gut motility

39
Q

Apart from the myenteric plexus, what other network of enteric neurones exist?
Where is this found?
What does it control?

A

Submucosal plexus
Submucosa
Controls the muscle of the muscularis mucosae and also helps regulate secretion in the epithelium

Study Notes - Gastroenterology (42 decks)

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