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BMS107 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Definitions

  • Cytology
  • Histology
A
  • Cytology: study of cell structure
  • Histology: Study of tissues
    • looks at how specialized cells come together to form tissues
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2
Q

Variety and Specialisation of cells

  • Erythrocytes
  • Adipocyte
  • Myocyte
A
  • Erythrocytes: Isolated, anucleate, flexible, abundant haemoglobin
  • Adipocyte: have large lipid vacuole (main function of cell = fat storage), peripheral condensed nucleus (squished to side)
  • Myocytes: Contractile filaments, respond to nerve input
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3
Q

Tissues - defn

-2 parts of an organ

A
  • Tissues: Collections of cell performing related functions
  • Are 2 parts to tissues;
    1. Parenchyma: The functional cells within an organ
    2. Stroma: The supportive role within an organ

e.g. In liver, parenchyma = hepatocytes; stroma = blood vessels, liver capsule and supporting CT

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4
Q

4 Tissue types (and the 5th one sometimes used)

A
  1. Epithelium: Barrier b/w body and external environment
    • line internal and external surfaces and lining of tubes
  2. Muscle: Contraction; generation of force
  3. Connective Tissue: Connect, anchor, support
  4. Nervous Tissue: initiate and transmit nervous impulses
  5. Round cells: Cells that don’t form a coherent tissue but are individual cells that can move widely throughout body
    • e.g. macrophages
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5
Q

Epithelia

  • definition and features
  • what it forms (3 things)
  • where it stops
A
  • Is continuous sheet-like layer of cells in combo with a thin, underlying, non-cellular basement membrane (blood vessels don’t cross)
    • forms barrier/active interface
    • lines hollow organs and forms glands
    • can even form more solid structures like the liver
  • is supported by layer of ECM (basal lamina) -> made from type 4 collagen and other components
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6
Q

5 major functional categories of Epithelia

A
  1. Protective: outer surface of body and opening of cavities (oesophagus)
  2. Exchange: rapid exchange of gases (is therefore a thin endothelial lining)
  3. Transporting: exchange of nongaseous materials; selective (gut and kidney)
  4. Ciliated: move fluid across surface (respir. airways, female reproductive tract)
  5. Secretory
    i) Exocrine: Syn. and release secretory products to external environment (serous; salivary glands, pancreas)
    ii) Endocrine: secrete products into extracellular space and the bloodstream (e.g. hormones)
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7
Q

Locations of Ciliated epithelia and Protective epithelia

A
  • Ciliated epithelium: respiratory system and female reproductive system (move mucous coat along surface)
    - in Female; ciliated epithelia is simple
    • pseudostratified in Resp. system
  • Protective epithelium = skin, lining mouth, oesophagus and anus
    • skin: stratified epithelium (cells become squamous at top)
      • highly keratinised (to avoid abrasion) = skin, footpad
      • Less keratinised (to moisten surfaces) = oesophagus, orgal cavity, cervix, vagina
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8
Q

Layers of skin epithelia (5)

-from superficial to deep

A
  • Stratum corneum (looks loose and wispy b.c. oils removed)
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinuousus
  • Stratum Basale
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9
Q

Types of cells in exchange epithelium and transport epithelium

A
  • Exchange epithelium = simple squamous (allows easy exchange)
  • Transport epithelium = columnar (small intestine)
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10
Q 
Intracellular junctions (3 types)
   -definitions
A
  • Intercellular junctions: key feature of epithelial cells
    • tight junctions restrict movement of material passing between transport epithelial cells
    • Anchoring junctions: cell-cell (desmosomes) and cell-basement membrane (hemidesmosomes
    • Gap junctions: cytoplasmic bridge allows electrical continuity and synchronised contraction
      - allow communication
      - cardiac myocyte have them
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11
Q

Secretory epithelia - what they do

-2 types

A
  • Form clusters or glands rather than sheets and secrete substances
    - may also be individual cells scattered (e.g. goblet cells
  • Exocrine glands: have ducts and secrete onto internal or external surface (sweat, saliva, mammary)
  • Endocrine cells: secrete into the bloodstream (e.g. Islets of Langerhans and insulin, thyroid, adrenal and pituitary)
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12
Q

Gland development

A
  • Exocrine glands: hollow centre forms,, creating a duct that provides passageway for secretion sot move to surface
  • Endocrine glands: Lose connecting bridge of cells that link them to parent epithelium -> secretions go straight to bloodstream
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13
Q

Kidney

A
  • Nephron = renal coruscle + tubule
  • blood filtered w/in kidney by passing along nephron
    • filtered material passes along tubule of nephron
    • transport epithelia found in proximal and distal convoluted tubules (and loop of Henle)
  • blood enters and exits corpuscle -> filtrate forms and moves down convoluted tubule and through system
    - filtrate modified
  • Proximal convoluted tubule = fuzzy surface (has tiny microvilli to increase SA for absorption)
  • lining of surrounding capillaries: endothelium (flat squamous cells)
    • podacytes sit outside capillary -> comblike structure helps filter blood physically and electrically (has footlike structures)
  • basement membrane, endothelium and podocyte = filtration system
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14
Q

Epithelium in Jejunum

A
  • single layer of epithelium in internal surface -> renews v. quickly (renewal occurs in crypts)
  • microvilli on epithelia (to increase SA)
  • columnar epithelia
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15
Q

Epithelia in Liver - how cells arranged

A
  • sheets of 6 sided hepatocytes arranged into lobules
    • bathed by sinusoidal blood on 2 sides
  • b/w each row of hepatocytes are canaliculi into which bile flows (eventually become ducts)
    • bile helps break down fats
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16
Q

Muscle tissue - 3 types

-e.g.

A
  • 3 types;
    1. Skeletal (striated): voluntary contraction, often agonist/antagonist
    e. g. digphragm, tongue, extrinsic eye muscles
    2. Smooth: involuntary contraction (autonomic)
    e. g. intestinal wall w/ agonist/antagonist, blood vessels, uterus
    3. Cardiac: involuntary contraction
    • in heart
  • contraction also important for wounds, scar tissues etc for regions to heal
17
Q

Skeletal muscles

  • what composed of and basic function
  • features of muscle cells
  • e.g.
A

-Composed of myofilaments -> has myosin (thick) and actin (thin) fibres
-divided in sacromeres that align (z disk aligns and makes striations)
-thick heads that can move along actin if ATP available
Features;
-fused cells (so in long parallel arrangements)
-many nuclei
-peripheral nuclei
-cylindical
*can regenerate
e.g. pharynx, diaphragm, tongue, eye, oesophagus

18
Q

Skeletal muscles;

-slow vs fast twitch

A
  • Slow twitch (aerobic): fatigue resistant (endurance, postural muscles)
    • tend to be red (like chicken leg muscle)
  • Fast twitch (anaerobic): strong, precise, fatigue rapidly, sprinters, digits
    - tend to be white (like chicken breast)
19
Q

Smooth Muscle

-features and e.g.

A

Features;

  • Single cells w/ one central nucleus
  • often 2 layers
  • perpendicular
  • no striations
  • spindle-shaped
  • diameter varies

-e.g. arrector pili, blood vessels, iris, airways, spleen, uterine wall, bladder

20
Q

Cardiac muscle

  • features
  • can they regenerate?
A

Features:

  • Striations
  • branching
  • central nucleus
  • intercalated discs
  • complex pattern
  • can’t regenerate as post-mitotic
    e. g. Cardiac (heart)
21
Q

Connective Tissues

  • functions
  • definition
A
  • Structural and metabolic support for tissues/organs
  • mediate nutrient and metabolite exchange w/ circulation
  • cells embedded in mesh of fibres (elastin/collagen) and extracellular matrix
    • have extensive ECM
  • CT: any structure whose primary function is physical support for other structures
    - in broader sense, also encompasses fluids
22
Q

Types of CT (6)

-e.g. of each

A
  1. Loose: Fibroelastic tissues that underlie epithelia (support, biological packing)
    e. g. lamina propria of intestine, surrounds blood vessels
  2. Dense: tissues for strength, flexibility, biomechanical action
    • e.g. tendons, ligaments, muscle and nerve sheaths, basement membranes
  3. Adipose tissue - fat storage (has no real matrix)
  4. Cartilage: supporting tissue (ear, nose, knee menisci, joints)
  5. Bone: calcified supporting tissue
  6. Blood: water matrix - ions and dissolved molecules, soluble proteins
23
Q

Osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte

A

Osteoblast: lays new bone matrix
Osteoclast: ‘Clean’ take bone away
Osteocyte: maintain bone (are w/in lacuni)

*same pattern works for other cell types (i.e. chondrocytes)

24
Q

Chondrocytes - appearance

A
  • Chondrocytes appear as cells w/in a matrix

- in cartilage, these cells appear in clusters (usu. of 2)

25
Q

Nervous Tissue

  • Nerve cells
  • Glial cells

*definitions

A
  • Nerve cells (neurons): specialised cells that receive, integrate and transmit info in form of electrical signals
  • Glial cells (astrocytes for metabolic suuport, Schwann cells and ogliodendrocytes for myelin)
26
Q

Basic neuron structure

-important features

A
  • Cell body = nucleus and surround cytoplasm (perikaryon)
    • in CNS or peripheral ganglia
  • 1 axon (efferent)
    - arises from axon hillock
    - ends at terminal boutons
  • 1 + dendrites (are afferent)

*are excitable cells and are post-mitotic (don’t get replaced)

27
Q

3 Types of Neurons

A
  1. Multipolar Neurons: Multiple dendrites and are able to integrate input from many afferent neurons
    e. g. interneurons and motor neurons
  2. Bipolar neurons: single dendrite located opposite the axon hillock
    e. g. sensory neurons of sight, smell and balance
  3. Pseudounipolar neuroons: fusion of the origins of the axon and dendrite
    e. g. primary sensory neurons (some in eye and ear too)
28
Q

Organisation of the brain

A
  • Grey matter = peripheral cortex
    • folded in mammals to give sulci and gyri
  • small foci of neuronal cell bodies form nuclei deeper w/in brain
  • covered in 3 layers of CT meninges (pia mater, arachnoid and dura mater (outermost tough layer)
  • cerebrospinal fluid fills subarachnoid space b/w arachnoid and pia mater
29
Q

Glial cells

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (called Schwann cells in PNS)
  • Astrocytes (regulate metabolistes)
  • Microglia
  • Ependyma (simple cuboidal/columnar ciliated ep.
    - lines ventricles and spinal canal
30
Q

Synapses in Neurons

A
  • Neurotransmitters in vesicles

- electrical signals cause release of chemical across synapse

31
Q

Neuromusclar Junction

-what it is, basic features

A
  • Similar to basic synapse structure
  • Each motor neurone innervates from 1 >1000 muscle fibres
  • axon ends at motor end plate, enveloped by Schwann cell
  • Ach is neurotransmitter that is broken down after signal sent
32
Q

Organ

A

-Organ: anatomically discrete collection of 2 or more tissue types (often 4) working together to perform a specific function

33
Q

Organ Systems

A
  • More than one organ interacting

e. g. Respiratory system

34
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A
  • Has hollow middle
  • outside gland, epithelial cells rapidly dividing, cells mature and move to middle of gland
  • Accumulates oily secretions (sebum)
    • nucleus dies and whole cell bursts onto hair follicle -> comes out and goes onto skin surface
  • Holocrine secretion: entire cell is shed
35
Q

Sweat gland

A
  • Simple tubular gland
  • lined by cuboidal epithelium
  • discharge secretions into tube

BMS107 (15 decks)

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