Histology 4, the Cell nucleus and cell cycle Flashcards
What is chromatin ? Nucleolus, and Nuclear envelope ? How many many membrane, is it contious with ?
What is the nucleoplasm
the substance of a cell nucleus, especially that not forming part of a nucleolus.
What is a chromatin ? What is heterochromatin ? Is it active ? Where is it found in the nculus ? What is euckromatin ? What is karyosome ? What is Nucleolar associated chromatin ?
Where in a cell can you tell what is heterchromatin or euchromatin
What is it a nucleosome ? How many histones ? What is a chromatin fibril ? What is loops domains ?
fibers like clothes
in the cell where is the chromatin, nucleoulus ?
What is a centromere ? What is atelomere? What happens to it, after each division? what is it connection to cancer ?
What is the purpose fo the nucleolus ? What are the three identifable region in the EM ? What is a nucleostemin ? What is it connection to cancer?
Are the two membranes selectivily permeable ? What is the perinuclear space ? What is the outer nuclear membrnae ? What is the inner nuclear membrane ?
What is the fuction fo nuclear pore ? How many proteins make it ? How many rings, what are they ? Where are protein fibrils ? What is ment by bidirecional nucleoplasmic transport ?
What is the purpose of the nuclear lamina ? When are they siasambled and reassembled ? What is it needed for ? What its connection to genetic disease and apoptosis ?
Where is the lamin in the nuclear envelope ?
it helps fro mthe shape of the nucleus
What is purpose of kinases in nuclear envelope , what is the purpose ?Whats the roel in phosphatase in the nuclear envolope ? What happens in the late telophase ?
phosphoyrylattion breaks down
What is Emery Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy, Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndromes examples of ? ?
In cell renewal, what is static cell population, stable cell population, renewing cell populations ? What is slowly renewing cells, rapidly renewing cells.
explain why stem cells and germ cells have longer divisions then somatic cells .
What is the G1 role ? What is g1 DNa-damage checkpoint for ? If the cell is damaged what does it use? Is this the most important restiriciton point ? How can a cell in go enter the cycle ?
What does the S-DNA damage checkpoint does ? What does a G2 DNA damage checkpoint does ? What is unreplicated-DNA checkpoint do ?
What are the three major checkpoints in the mitosis or meoisis ?
What is Mitotic catastrophe ? What does it result in ?
What are reserved stem cells ? What is the role of cyclin and CDK complexes ?
What does cyclin bind to ? and what does it cause ? why is it so important in the cell cycle ? When is CDK activity high in , and low in ?
What the overall logic of cyclin and cyclin kinase .
What happens in prophase ? What happens to the nuclear envelope ? What keeps the sister chromatids together ?
Where do mitotic spindle organize around ? What is astral microtuble( where is it coming from, and looks like ) , polar microtubule, kinetochore-microtubule.
In anaphase, what happens ? What breaks ? How are chromatids pulled towards the poles ?
In the telophase, what ahppens in the nuclear envope ?
How does cleavage furrow develop?
remember like endocytosis, where dyanet pinches it .
Most time, actin is the one that creates that pinch
In meiosis, how many number of chromase and DNA are produced from meosis ? What is crossing over ? What does a male primary psermatocyte produce ? What does a female primary oocyte produce ?
In meiosis 1 , what is meant by reductional division ? in prophase 1 , what is leptotene ? Zygotene ? Pachytene ? Diplotene ? What is chiasmata ? What is diakinesis ?
Zygote
pachutene
Chiasmata,
What is metaphase 1? What happens to the chomsomes? When does the chiasma separate ?
Does the centromere split during anaphase 1 of meosis ? What is ment by segratation and random assortment ?
In Meiosis 2, is there a S phase ? What is equatorial division ? What is the purpose of separase in anaphase 2 ? How are females and females different in the from primary oocytes and spermatogonia ?
What are the two mechanism of cell death ?
What is stenosis ?
the abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body.
What is necrosis ?
the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
What is apoptosis ? How is it activiated ? what DNA fragmentation, decrease in cell volume , loss of mitochondiral function, Membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies ?
In apoptosis at external stimuli, what is tumor necrosis factor, free radicals, oxidants, UV and ionization radiation ?
While internal stimuli, what is oncogenes, tumor supressor gene ( p53) , nutrient depravation and mitotic catastrophe ?
What are the two types of programmed cell death ?
What is Bcl-2 proteins role in managing proapoptotic and antiapoptotics signals ? What is role in cytochrome C.
What is apoptosis role in fetal hand development ? What apoptosis role in Immune T cells ?
Name the affected protein and pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis, Familial hypercholesteromia,
Tay-Sachs diease
,Alpha-1-antirypsin deficiency, Creutzfeld- jacob disease, Alzheimers diease .
What is hypertrophy ?
Whats atrophy ?
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy ? What different from atrophy and dystrophy ?
What is hypoplasia ?
What is hyperplasia ? Whats the difference between hypertrophy ?
What is metaplasia ? Why is it done ?
What is neoplasia ? What os adenoma ? Carcinoma ? Sarcoma ?
What is anaplasia, and dysplasia ?
