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MD 1 Histology (MCQ) > Histology 4 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Histology 4 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Steps for Preparing Histology Slides

A
  1. Fixation 2. Cutting 3. Staining
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2
Q

Fixation

A

tissues fixed in formalin or other substances that cross-link tissue proteins and prevent decomposition

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3
Q

Cutting

A

tissue sectioned, embedded in paraffin wax, cut into translucent 4-6 micron slices, attached to glass slide

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4
Q

Staining

A
  1. Hemotoxylin (basophillic) - stains DNA and RNA purple/blue 2. Eosin (eosinophillic) - stains collagen and other components pink 3. Immonohistochemical stains: antibodies tage antigens
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5
Q

Neurons Characteristics

A

Size: Cell bodies 4μm-150μm

Roles: Motor (efferent) Sensory (afferent) Interneurons

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6
Q

Neuron Structural Class

A

Multipolar: most neurons

Bipolar: retina, olfactory mucosa, cochlear and vestibular ganglia

Pseudounipolar: spinal sensory and most cranial ganglia

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7
Q

Parts of the Neuron

A

Perikaryon

Dendrites

Axon

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8
Q

Perikaryon

A

Appearance: Cell Body

Function: synthetic receptor for nerve

Contains: Nissel/Chromatophillic Substance = RER and free ribosomes (amount depends on type and functional state)

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Appearance: numerous, elongated processes extending 1-3μm from the perikaryon

Function: location of must neuronal synapses, specialized to recieve environmental or neuronal stimuli

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10
Q

Axon

A

Appearance: single process of uniform diameter originating from axon hillock, can be very long (motor cells of spinal cord to foot muscle = 100cm)

Function:

  1. Transport of molecules and organelles - motor protiens along microtubles
  2. Propagation of of action potential

Contains:

  • Axon Plasma Membrane = Axolemma
  • Axon Cytoplasm = Axoplasm

(+)mitochandria, microtubles, neurofilaments, cisternae of smooth ER

(-)rolyribosomes, RER, gogli

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11
Q

Glial Cells

A

CNS

  • Oligodendricytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal Cells

PNS

  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite Cells

Think: Physiology lecture

(O-AME has GaSS call the COPS)

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Appearance: extended proccesses that wrap around parts of multiple axons. “Fried Egg” appearance when fixed in formulin

Function: produce myelin sheath for CNS neurons (electril insulation)

predominant cell type in CNS white matter

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

Appearance:

  • Fibrous Astrocytes -few processes, found in white matter
  • Protoplasmic Astrocytes - numerous processes, found in gray matter

Function:

  • control ionic environment
  • form CNS scar tissue
  • secrete metabolits
  • perivascular feet contribute to BBB

most numerous glial cell

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14
Q

Microglia

A

Appearance: dense, elongated nuclei

Function: phagocytic and secretes cytokines

When activated, retract processes and migrate to need

Evenly distributed to gray and white matter

Originate from bone marrow, same family as macrophages and APC

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15
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

Appearance: low columnar/cuboidal, sometiems cilliated cells lining the ventricle sof brain and central canal of spinal cord

Function - produces CSF in choroid plexus

No basal lamina, branched processes at the basal ends

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16
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Neurolemmocytes

Appearance: single Schwann cell form segment of myelin on a single axon

Function: provide myelination for PNS

neural crest origin

17
Q

Satellite Cell

A

Appearance: covering layer over lare neuronal cell bodies in PNS ganglia

Function: trophic or supportve role to ganglionic neurons

neuronal crest origin

18
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Spinal Cord

Virtually no connective tissue

Divided into white and gray matter

19
Q

White Matter

A
  • Myelinated axons ←main component
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • No neuronal cell bodies

Cortex: white central, gray peripheral

Spinal Cord: gray central, white peripheral

20
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • adundant neuronal cell bodies
  • dendrites
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • initial unmyelinated protions of axons

synapses occur in gray matter

21
Q

Cortex

A

neurons are stratified

6 distinct lamina in gray matter

pyramidal neurons

22
Q

Meninges

A

Dura Mater

Arachnoid Mater

Pia Mater

23
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • thick, external layer
  • internal surface = simple squamous epithelium of mesenchymal origin
  • consists of dense fibroelastic connectie tissue
  • continuous with skull periosteum
  • separated from arachnoid by the subdural space
24
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • “spiderweb-like”
  • Components
    • sheets of connective tissue in contact with dura
    • system of loosely arranged trabeculae of fibroblasts and collagen = continuous wiht pia mater
  • Subarachnoid Space
    • filled with CSF for protection and cushion
    • communicates with brain ventricles
    • lacks nutriative capillaies, but larger vessels traverse it
  • Arachnoid Villi
    • arachnoid perforates the dura forming wneous sinuses covered by endothelium
    • functions to transport CSF from subarachnoid space to veins
25
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • innermost meningeal layer
  • thin layer, mesenchymally derived cells
  • lays upon layer of astrocytes forming a barrier
  • blodd vessels travel through perivascular spaces within pia
  • Pia and arachnoid intimately assocaited (leptomeniges/pia-arachnoid layer)
26
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Location: projects into

  • roofs of the third and fourth ventricles
  • part of the walls of the two lateral ventricles

Architecture:

  • elaborate folds with many villi
  • layers of vascularized pia mater
  • covered cuboidal ependymal cells

Function:

  • produce CSF - shock absorber, important for brain metabolism
27
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerve Fibers - axons enclosed within Schwann Cells

28
Q

Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated

A

Myelinated

  1. Schwann cell wraps portion of axon
  2. cytoplasm and plasma membrane form consecutive layers
  3. overlapping inner layers = myelin sheath
  4. cytoplasm and nuclues pushed to periphery of cell

Unmyelinated

  1. Schwan cells envelopes multiple axons
  2. Axon surrounded by Schwann cell, but no consecutive layers
29
Q

PNS Myelination Facts

A
  • Schwann cell membrane = ↑proportion of lipids
  • Myelin = protects axon and maintians ionic environment for propagation of action potential
  • Nodes of Ranvier = gaps between Schwann cells

→allows for rapid nerve conduction

30
Q

Structure of Nerves

A

Endoneurium - CT surrounding individual axons

Perineurium - CT surrounding bundles of neurons

Epineurium - CT surroudning multiple fascicle of neurons

View matters with identfying structures

MD 1 Histology (MCQ) (4 decks)

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