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MD 1 Histology (MCQ) > Histology 2 - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology 2 - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Three Classes of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Ground substance
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2
Q

CT originates from ____.

A

Mesenchyme

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3
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesize? (6)

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • Proteoglycans
  • Proteins
  • Growth factors
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4
Q

What are the two Fibroblast Stages of Activity?

A
  1. Active - abundant, irregularly branched cytoplasm, ovoid large nucleus, fine chromatin
  2. Quiescent - spindle-shaped, small dark nucleus (also called fibrocyte)
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5
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Quiescent fibroblasts

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6
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Active fibroblasts

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7
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Fibroblasts

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8
Q

Sarcoma

A

Tumors arising from the mesoderm (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular

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9
Q

Carcinoma

A

Tumors arising from epithelium

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Macrophages?

A

Mononuclear phagocytes

Derived from bone marrow precursors → Monocytes → enter connective tissue as mature macrophage

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11
Q

What are some Examples of Macrophages (5)?

A

Liver - Kupffer cells

CNS - microglial cells

Skin - Langerhans cells

Bones - osteoclasts

Connective Tissue - multinucleated giant cells

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12
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Kupffer Cells

A
  • Macrophages in liver
  • Found on luminal surface of endothelial cells
  • Metaboilize aged red blood cells, digest hemoglobin, and destroy bacteria
  • Make up 15% of cells in the liver
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15
Q

What is the Function of Mast Cells?

A

Storage and delivery of chemical mediators of inflammatory response

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16
Q

What are some Characteristics of Mast Cells (3)?

A
  • Cytoplasm is filled iwth basophilic secretory granules, containing histamine and heparin
  • Abundant in dermis, digestive, and respiratory tracts
  • Surface contains receptors for IgE
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17
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Mast Cells

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18
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Mast Cells

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19
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Mast Cells

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20
Q

What are some Characteristics of Plasma Cells (5)?

A
  • Large, ovoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm due to rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Pale region due to Golgi complex
  • Nucleus “clock faced” hoarse chormatin alternating with lighter areas
  • Short lifespan of 10-20 days
  • Derived from B lymphcytes
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21
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Plasma Cells

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22
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Plasma Cells

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23
Q

What is Extramedullary Plasmocytoma?

A
  • Solitary tumor composed of monoclonal proliferation of cells with plasmacytic differentiation
  • Primary when alone, secondary multiple myeloma
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24
Q

What is one role of Leukocytes (WBC)?

A
  • Migrate from blood vessels to CT across endoethelium (diapedesis)
  • Diapedesis increases with inflammation
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25
Q

What areAdipose Cells?

A

Fat cell, specialized in storage of fats and production of heat

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26
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Adipocytes

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27
Q

How abundant is Collagen in the human body?

A

The most abundant protein the human body (30% of dry weight)

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28
Q

What Collagen Type(s) Form Long Fibrils?

A

Types I, II, III, V, XI

Most abundant is type I

Found in bones, dentin, tendons, organ capsules, and dermis

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29
Q

What are the Fibril Associated Collagen Types?

A

Types IX, XII, XIV

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30
Q

What are characteristics of Fibril Associated Collagen?

A
  • Short structures that bind collagen to other collagen and to other comoponents of extracellular matrix
  • Found in fetal skin and tendon, vitreous body
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31
Q

What is the Type of Collagen that Forms Networks?

A

Type IV

Froms basal lamina

32
Q

What is the Type of Collagen that Forms Anchoring Fibrils?

A

Type VII

Binds collagen to basal lamina

33
Q

What is Collagen Birefringence and how does it work?

A
  1. Fresh collagen strands are colorless but when present in numbers are white
  2. Orientation of elongated tropocollagen molecules in collagen fibers make them birefringent (bound by hydrogen and covalent bonds)
  3. Fibers started with acidic dye binding to collagen parallel to molecules
  4. Fibers parallel to collagen molecules produce a strong yellow color when dyed with acidic dye → used to ID collagen
34
Q

Name the type of collagen:

A

Dense, irregular collagen

35
Q

Name the type of collagen:

A

Loose, dense, and irregular collagen

36
Q

Name the type of collagen:

A

Loose collagen

37
Q

How is Collagen Synthesized?

A
  • Part of collagen synthesis occurs inside the cell, then is packaged in the Golgi and transported out of the cell to finish synthesis
  • Peptidases are needed to clip registration peptides
38
Q

What are the Principal Amino Acids that make up Collagen?

A

Glycine and Proline

39
Q

What are the Characteristic Amino Acids of Collagen?

A

Hydroxyproline and Hydroxlysine

40
Q

What is Tropocollagen?

A

The protein unit that polymerizes to form collagen fibrils

41
Q

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

A
  • “Brittle bone disease”
  • Genetic disorder of collagen type I, characterized by bones that break easily
42
Q

What are some Signs and Symptoms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

A
  • Multiple fractures in various stages of healing
  • Family history of mild symptoms
  • Blue sclera, translucent or discolored teeth, barrel-shaped rib cage, easy bruising
  • Calcium and phosphate levels WNL
43
Q

What genetic mutations lead to osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Heterogenous family of diseases
  • usually caused by mutations of genes COLIA1 and COLIA2 (genes that encode the chains of type I collagen)
44
Q

What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome?

A

Group of heritable disorders of collagen

Genetic defect in formation of procollagen, affects skin, joints, blood vessel walls

Over-flexible joints, stretchy fragile skin

45
Q

What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type IV?

A
  • Faulty trasnscription or translation of collagen type III
  • Aortic and/or intestinal rupture
46
Q

What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type VI?

A
  • Faulty lysine hydroxylation
  • Skin elasticity/rupture of eyeball
47
Q

What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type VII?

A
  • Decrease in procollagen peptidase
  • Joint mobility/frequent luxation
48
Q

What is theRole of Vitamin C in Collagen Synthesis?

A

Cofactor for proline hydroxylase (hydroxylation of proline and lysine)

49
Q

What is one Symptom of Vitamin C Deficiency?

A

Impaired wound healing

50
Q

What are Reticular Fibers? Where are they found and what do they do?

A
  • Made of Collagen Type III
  • Abundant in smooth muscle, endoneurium, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
  • Creates network around cells of parenchymal organs
  • Creates network around organs subject to change in volme or form
51
Q

Identify the type of connective tissue fiber:

A

Reticular Fibers of Adrenal Cortex

52
Q

Identify the type of connective tissue fiber:

A

Reticular Fibers of Smooth Muscle

53
Q

What are the functions of Elastic Fiber and what are some of their Characteristics?

A

Form networks interspersed with collagen fibers

Main function is bending and stretching

54
Q

What are the three stages in the Development of Elastic Fibers?

A
  • First Stage:
    • Core of 10 nm microfibrils form (fibrillin)
    • Fibrillin binds elastin foring scaffolding needed for elastin deposition
    • Defective fibrillin results in fragmentd elastic fibrils
  • Second Stage
    • Elastin deposited between microfibrils
  • Third Stage
    • Elastin accumulates to form fiber bundles
55
Q

What is Oxytalan?

A

Elastic fiber found in zonule fibers of eye

Found where dermis attaches to basal lamina

Do not contain elastin, resistant to pulling

56
Q

What is Elaunin?

A

Elastic fiber that contains a mixture of oxytalan and elastin

Found in sweat glands and dermis

57
Q

What are Elastic Fibers?

A

Elastin occupies center of fiber bundles

Stretch easily to tension

58
Q

What is Elastin Composed of?

A
  • Rich in amino acids glycine and proline
  • Two characteristic amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine
59
Q

Where are Elastic Molecules produced?

A
  • Produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in blood vessels
  • Main protein found in elastic fibers
  • Amorphous rubber-like glycoprotein
60
Q

What is Marfans Syndrome?

A
  • Genetic disorder in which there is a defect in the gene encoding fibrillin production
  • Tall, slender habitus with long, thin extremities
  • Faulty cardiovascular system → Most common cause of death
61
Q

What is Ground Substance?

A
  • Fills space between cells and fibers in connective tissue
  • Highly hydrated, colorless, and transparent complex mixture of macromolecules
  • Contain glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins
62
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans?

A
  • Linear polysaccharides formed by repeating disaccharides
63
Q

What are Proteoglycans?

A
  • Core protein with 4 glycosaminoglycans
  • Structural components of extracellular matrix, anchor cells to matrix and bind protein growth factors
64
Q

What are Multiadhesive Glycoproteins?

A
  • Contain protein core with attached carbohydrates like proteoglycans
  • Interact with next cell and adhere cells to substrate
65
Q

What is Fibronectin?

A
  • Glycoprotein synthesized by fibroblasts and some epithelial cells
  • Binding sites for cells, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans
  • Interactions mediate adhesion and migration
  • Distributed as a network in intercellular spaces of many tissues
66
Q

What is this?

A

Fibronectin

67
Q

What is Laminin?

A

Large glycoprotein

Participates in adhesion of epithelial cells to basal lamina

68
Q

What is this?

A

Laminin

69
Q

What are some characteristics of Loose Connective Tissue?

A
  • Supports structure under pressure and low friction
  • Flexible, delicate, well vascularized
  • Not very resistant to stress
70
Q

Where are Loose Connective Tissues found in the body?

A

Space between muscles, supports epithelia, sheaths blood vessels and lymphatics, papillary dermis, serosal linings of pleural cavities

71
Q

Name the type of connective tissue:

A

Loose Connective Tissue

72
Q

What are some functions and characteristics of Dense Connective Tissue?

A
  • Resistance and protection
  • Fewer cells, more collagen fibers
  • Less flexible and more resistant to stress
73
Q

What are some characteristics of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

A
  • Linear orientation of cells
  • Found in tendons
  • Good resistance to traction forces
74
Q

What is this?

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

75
Q

What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

A

Collagen fibers arranged in bundles without orientation

3 dimensional structure provides resistance to stress from all directions

76
Q

What is Mucous Tissue?

A
  • Specialized connective tissue
  • Abundant in ground substance, especially hyaluronic acid
  • Cells mainly fibroblasts
  • Jelly-like tissues with little fibers

MD 1 Histology (MCQ) (4 decks)

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