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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of mucosa?

A

Protective, Absorptive, Secretory and Protective+Absorbtive

PASPa

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2
Q

Describe protective mucosa and where it can be found.

A

Protective mucosa is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
Found in the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal.

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3
Q

Describe absorptive mucosa and where it can be found.

A

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands.

Found in the small intestine.

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4
Q

Describe secretory mucosa and where it can be found.

A

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands.

Found in the stomach.

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5
Q

Describe protective+absorptive mucosa and where it can be found.

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands.

Found in the large intestine.

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6
Q

What kind of mucosa can you find in the stomach?

A

Secretory

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7
Q

What kind of mucosa can you find in the small intestine?

A

Absorptive

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8
Q

What kind of mucosa can you find in the large intestine?

A

Protective+Absorptive

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9
Q

What kind of mucosa can you find in the oral cavity?

A

Protective

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10
Q

What kind of mucosa can you find in the pharynx?

A

Protective

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11
Q

What kind of mucosa can you find in the anal canal?

A

Protective

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12
Q

Name the four types of tissue.

A

Endothelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue

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13
Q

Name the 4 layers of the digestive tract lining

A

Mucosa
Sub-mucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

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14
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands of the mouth?

A

Parotid, sublingal and submandibular.

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15
Q

What is the nervous system of the digestive tract called?

A

Enteric nervous system

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16
Q

What is the basic structure of the respiratory system?

A 
Airway
Resp Epithelium
Lamina propria
Seromucous glands in the submucosa
Hyaline cartilage of tracheal ring
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17
Q

Do bronchi have hyaline cartilage in there walls?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Do bronchioles have hyaline cartilage in there walls?

A

No

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19
Q

What are the alveoli lined by>

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What is the simple structure of the liver?

A

The liver is made up by hexagonal lobules that each have a blood supply from the hepatic blood supply (Portal vein and hepatic artery).
In the centre is a central vein that drains into the hepatic vein.
Lobules are filled with hepatocytes (liver cells)

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21
Q

What is a portal triad?

A

A bile duct, a hepatic arteriole and a branch of the hepatic portal vein.

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22
Q

The space for blood flow in the liver lobules is called…

A

A sinusoid

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23
Q

Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Both

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24
Q

Describe the exocrine aspect of the pancreas

A

The pancreas excretes digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases and nucleases etc. These enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

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25
Q

Describe the endocrine aspect of the pancreas

A

There are lots of small islands within the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans with produce hormones like insulin.

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26
Q

What are red blood cells called?

A

Erythrocytes

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27
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus

A

No, theyre too small

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28
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes (white blood cell)

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes.

29
Q

Name the 3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

30
Q

What are the 3 layers of a muscular artery

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

31
Q

Describe the composition of a capillary

A

Endothelial cell and basal lamina

32
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries

A

Continious (muscle, nerve, lung, skin)
Fenestrated (have small pores; in the gut mucosa, endocrine glands and kidney)
Sinusoidal (large gaps: in the liver, spleen and bone marrow)

33
Q

Which part of the nasal cavity is lined by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

The Vestibule

34
Q

Describe respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

35
Q

What is lined by non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Oropharynx

36
Q

What is different between the vocal folds and the walls of the larynx?

A

The vocal folds have stratified squamous epithelium whereas the walls of the larynx are made up of cartilage and muscles with the surfaces lined by respiratory epithelium.

37
Q

Does the trachea contain ‘cartilage rings’ or ‘C shaped cartilages’?

A

The trachea contains around 15-20 C shaped cartilages. The gap is spanned by fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

38
Q

Describe the shape of the cartilage in the main bronchi.

A

Irregularly shaped cartilage plates

39
Q

True or false? There are no cartilage plates in the bronchioles.

A

TRUE

40
Q

As you move down the respiratory tree what happens to the epithelium?

A

It goes from columnar to cuboidal in the bronchioles and finally to squamous type 1 alveolar cells in the alveoli.

41
Q

What are clara cells?

A

Non-cilated club cells.

42
Q

What do clara cells do?

A

Act as stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation and surfactant production.

43
Q

What is the other name for alveolar cells?

A

Pneumocytes

44
Q

Which type of pneumocyte produces surfactant in the alveoli?

A

Type II alveolar cell.

45
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

A connective tissue cell that has contractile properties. Often found in capillaries just outside the basal lamina.

46
Q

What are venous valves made of?

A

They are extensions of the tunica intima

47
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

48
Q

What is the role of intercalatedT discs within cardiac muscle cells?

A

They act as desmosomes and adherent junctions to attach cells together and allow for the spread of electrical activity through gap junctions

49
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous and serous`(covers the surface of the heart and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium)

50
Q

Where can you find serous fluid and what does it do?

A

You can find serous fluid within the pericardial cavity between the fibrous and serous pericardium.
It acts as a lubricant to allow for heart movement.

51
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cell?

A

Contractile
Pacemaker
Conducting`

52
Q

Which part of the tongue has stratified squamous epithelium which is thin on ventral surface and thick (with papillae) on the dorsal surface?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

53
Q

Which part of the tongue is covered by smooth stratified squamous epithelium which lacks papillae except for the circumvallate papillae. And has substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa?

A

Posterior 1/3

54
Q

What are the four types of papillae?

A

Filliform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallate

55
Q

What is a chief cell and where can you find it?

A

A chief cell is a digestive enzyme secreting cell found in the base of gastric glands.

56
Q

What is a parietal cell and where can you find it?

A

A parietal cell is a HCl producing cell found throughout the gastric gland.

57
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Fundus
Cardia
Body
Antrum

58
Q

Which part of the stomach has deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed tortuous glands?

A

Cardia

59
Q

Which part of stomach has shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands?

A

Body

60
Q

Which part of the stomach has deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a high density?

A

Pylorus

61
Q

Which part of the small intestine has the tallest villi?

A

Jejunum.

62
Q

NAME THE CELL:
The most numerous cell in the small intestine, tall columnar cell with a brush border, they are principle absorptive cells.

A

Enterocytes

63
Q

NAME THE CELL:

Cell produces mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material.

A

Goblet cell.

64
Q

NAME THE CELL:
Found at the base of crypts of Lieberkuhn, they have a defensive function and have a role in regulating bacterial flora (Secrete lysosyme and definsins)

A

Paneth cells

65
Q

NAME THE CELL:
Produce hormones that contribute to control of secretion and motility. e.g Gastrin, cholecystikinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

A

Neuroendocrine cells

66
Q

NAME THE CELL:

Found at the base of crypts of lieberkuhn, they divide to replenish epithelium

A

Stem cell

67
Q

Where would you find brunner’s glands and what are they?

A

They are found in the submucosa of the duodenum and stimulated by the presence of chyme to produce a thin alkaline mucous that therefore neutralises the chyme.

68
Q

What kind of cells can you find in the large intestine?

A

Absorptive and goblet.

Principles (10 decks)

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