Histology Flashcards
What are the 4 types of mucosa?
Protective, Absorptive, Secretory and Protective+Absorbtive
PASPa
Describe protective mucosa and where it can be found.
Protective mucosa is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
Found in the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal.
Describe absorptive mucosa and where it can be found.
Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands.
Found in the small intestine.
Describe secretory mucosa and where it can be found.
Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands.
Found in the stomach.
Describe protective+absorptive mucosa and where it can be found.
Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands.
Found in the large intestine.
What kind of mucosa can you find in the stomach?
Secretory
What kind of mucosa can you find in the small intestine?
Absorptive
What kind of mucosa can you find in the large intestine?
Protective+Absorptive
What kind of mucosa can you find in the oral cavity?
Protective
What kind of mucosa can you find in the pharynx?
Protective
What kind of mucosa can you find in the anal canal?
Protective
Name the four types of tissue.
Endothelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue
Name the 4 layers of the digestive tract lining
Mucosa
Sub-mucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia
What are the 3 salivary glands of the mouth?
Parotid, sublingal and submandibular.
What is the nervous system of the digestive tract called?
Enteric nervous system
What is the basic structure of the respiratory system?
Airway Resp Epithelium Lamina propria Seromucous glands in the submucosa Hyaline cartilage of tracheal ring
Do bronchi have hyaline cartilage in there walls?
Yes
Do bronchioles have hyaline cartilage in there walls?
No
What are the alveoli lined by>
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the simple structure of the liver?
The liver is made up by hexagonal lobules that each have a blood supply from the hepatic blood supply (Portal vein and hepatic artery).
In the centre is a central vein that drains into the hepatic vein.
Lobules are filled with hepatocytes (liver cells)
What is a portal triad?
A bile duct, a hepatic arteriole and a branch of the hepatic portal vein.
The space for blood flow in the liver lobules is called…
A sinusoid
Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?
Both
Describe the exocrine aspect of the pancreas
The pancreas excretes digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases and nucleases etc. These enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
Describe the endocrine aspect of the pancreas
There are lots of small islands within the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans with produce hormones like insulin.
What are red blood cells called?
Erythrocytes
Do red blood cells have a nucleus
No, theyre too small
What are the 5 types of leukocytes (white blood cell)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes.
Name the 3 granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
What are the 3 layers of a muscular artery
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
Describe the composition of a capillary
Endothelial cell and basal lamina
What are the 3 types of capillaries
Continious (muscle, nerve, lung, skin)
Fenestrated (have small pores; in the gut mucosa, endocrine glands and kidney)
Sinusoidal (large gaps: in the liver, spleen and bone marrow)
Which part of the nasal cavity is lined by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?
The Vestibule
Describe respiratory epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
What is lined by non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?
Oropharynx
What is different between the vocal folds and the walls of the larynx?
The vocal folds have stratified squamous epithelium whereas the walls of the larynx are made up of cartilage and muscles with the surfaces lined by respiratory epithelium.
Does the trachea contain ‘cartilage rings’ or ‘C shaped cartilages’?
The trachea contains around 15-20 C shaped cartilages. The gap is spanned by fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)
Describe the shape of the cartilage in the main bronchi.
Irregularly shaped cartilage plates
True or false? There are no cartilage plates in the bronchioles.
TRUE
As you move down the respiratory tree what happens to the epithelium?
It goes from columnar to cuboidal in the bronchioles and finally to squamous type 1 alveolar cells in the alveoli.
What are clara cells?
Non-cilated club cells.
What do clara cells do?
Act as stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation and surfactant production.
What is the other name for alveolar cells?
Pneumocytes
Which type of pneumocyte produces surfactant in the alveoli?
Type II alveolar cell.
What is a pericyte?
A connective tissue cell that has contractile properties. Often found in capillaries just outside the basal lamina.
What are venous valves made of?
They are extensions of the tunica intima
Name the 3 layers of the heart
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
What is the role of intercalatedT discs within cardiac muscle cells?
They act as desmosomes and adherent junctions to attach cells together and allow for the spread of electrical activity through gap junctions
What are the 2 parts of the pericardium?
Fibrous and serous`(covers the surface of the heart and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium)
Where can you find serous fluid and what does it do?
You can find serous fluid within the pericardial cavity between the fibrous and serous pericardium.
It acts as a lubricant to allow for heart movement.
What are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cell?
Contractile
Pacemaker
Conducting`
Which part of the tongue has stratified squamous epithelium which is thin on ventral surface and thick (with papillae) on the dorsal surface?
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Which part of the tongue is covered by smooth stratified squamous epithelium which lacks papillae except for the circumvallate papillae. And has substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa?
Posterior 1/3
What are the four types of papillae?
Filliform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallate
What is a chief cell and where can you find it?
A chief cell is a digestive enzyme secreting cell found in the base of gastric glands.
What is a parietal cell and where can you find it?
A parietal cell is a HCl producing cell found throughout the gastric gland.
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
Fundus
Cardia
Body
Antrum
Which part of the stomach has deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed tortuous glands?
Cardia
Which part of stomach has shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands?
Body
Which part of the stomach has deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a high density?
Pylorus
Which part of the small intestine has the tallest villi?
Jejunum.
NAME THE CELL:
The most numerous cell in the small intestine, tall columnar cell with a brush border, they are principle absorptive cells.
Enterocytes
NAME THE CELL:
Cell produces mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material.
Goblet cell.
NAME THE CELL:
Found at the base of crypts of Lieberkuhn, they have a defensive function and have a role in regulating bacterial flora (Secrete lysosyme and definsins)
Paneth cells
NAME THE CELL:
Produce hormones that contribute to control of secretion and motility. e.g Gastrin, cholecystikinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
Neuroendocrine cells
NAME THE CELL:
Found at the base of crypts of lieberkuhn, they divide to replenish epithelium
Stem cell
Where would you find brunner’s glands and what are they?
They are found in the submucosa of the duodenum and stimulated by the presence of chyme to produce a thin alkaline mucous that therefore neutralises the chyme.
What kind of cells can you find in the large intestine?
Absorptive and goblet.
