Histology Flashcards
Arteries have an additional internal elastic lamina. In which tunic of the arterial wall is this layer found?
tunica intima
Which creates nodes of Ranvier: Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes?
Schwann cells
How are red blood cells shaped? What is the main reason for this shape?
biconcave disc
maximizes gas exchange
Name three types of capillaries.
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
What cell type lines the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
Name the three layers of the myometrium of the uterus.
longitudinal (inner and outer layers)
middle (circular smooth muscle)
Name the four layers of the gallbladder, from innermost to outermost.
epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, serosa-adventitia
What happens to the amount of smooth muscle and elastic tissue as you go deeper into the bronchial tree?
increases
Which cells produce glucagon?
alpha cells of pancreas
Describe the composition of elastic fibers.
elastin, microfibrils
What type of cell is a type one alveolar cell? What is its function?
simple squamous epithelium
gas exchange
Arteries have an additional external elastic lamina. Between which tunica is this layer found?
between tunica media and tunica adventitia
What cells produce myelin in the CNS?
oligodendrocytes
What do ciliary processes of the eye secrete?
aqueous humor
Name three products secreted by the sertoli cells.
androgen binding protein, anti-mulerian hormone, inhibin
Describe the composition of a follicle in the thyroid.
single layer of simple cuboidal epithelium lines a colloid filled cavity
List the three layers of the trachea.
mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
What type of CT cells are fully developed and do not undergo cellular division and come in white and brown versions? How is the white type different from the brown type?
adipocytes
white is primarily for storage, while brown has more metabolic function
Which type of muscle is best described as long, cylindrical, multinucleated and striated?
skeletal
List from innermost to outermost the three layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland. Name the major product of each layer.
zona reticularis (androgens)
zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids - cortisol)
zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoid - aldosterone)
Some larger blood vessels require a vaso vasorum to provide nourishment to their walls. Which tunic is the vaso vasorum associated with?
tunica adventitia
What is another name for a Haversian system?
osteon
List four cellular components of labia majora.
adipocytes, smooth muscle, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Which cell type lines the lumen of the cervix?
mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
Which cells are associated with the sinusoids of the liver?
Kupfer cells (macrophages)
List three types of bone cells.
osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
Which collagen type is primarily found in cartilage?
type II
What type of capillary has irregular blood pools or channels and is found in bone marrow, liver, lymphoid organs, spleen and certain endocrine glands?
sinusoidal capillary (aka leaky capillary)
Which cells of the corpus luteum of the ovaries produce progesterone and androgens?
theca lutein cells
Does the amount of cartilage increase or decrease as you descend the bronchial tree?
decreases
Which are smaller: white or red blood cells?
white blood cells are smaller
Which layer of the fallopian tube is ciliated?
mucosa
What is the function of oligodendroglia?
to myelinate multiple CNS axons
Name the two layers of the endometrium. Which is sloughed off during menstruation?
functionalis and basalis
functionalis
What type of capillary has no pores and is found often in muscle, nervous and CT?
continuous capillary
What are interstitial lamellae?
irregular arcs of lamellar fragments (remnants of osteons)
What are the two types of striated muscle tissue?
skeletal and cardiac
How is the oligodendrocyte in the CNS different from the Schwann cell in the PNS?
one Schwann cell forms one myelin sheath around one axon
one oligodendrocyte can form many sheaths around multiple axons
Which layer of blood vessels is associated with loose CT?
adventitia
Which granule-containing white blood cell is an important part in anti-parasitic responses and also immediate hypersensitivity/allergic responses of the body?
eosinophil
What is the effect of Schwann cells on the transmission of the action potential? What name is given to this modified form of transmission?
increases speed of transmission
saltatory conduction
Which type of CT cells manufacture and maintain the fiber and ground substance of the ECM?
fibroblast cells
What is the only gland that stores its hormone product extracellularly?
thyroid
Give 5 examples of dense CT.
fascia, joint capsule, tendon, ligament, aponeurosis
Are olfactory cells in the nasal cavity unipolar or bipolar?
bipolar
Describe the composition of reticular loose CT.
type III collagen forms a mesh-like network with fibroblasts and macrophages interspersed
Which layer of the eye is pigmented?
middle (vascular) layer
What type of CT cells are found in greater number at sites of inflammation?
plasma cells
What type of cells line the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheilum
What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?
ependymal
Which granule-containing white blood cell becomes a mast cell in tissue?
basophil
Do arterioles have thick muscular walls?
yes
What are the layers of the ovaries?
germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex and medulla
Describe the composition of reticular fibers.
highly glycosylated, thin fibers made up of type III collagen
What type of cell is a type two alveolar cell? What is its function?
cuboidal
secrete surfactant
Which type of muscle gives a corkscrew appearance when it contracts?
smooth muscle
Which has more fibers and fewer cells: loose or dense CT?
dense
Which tunic of the blood vessel wall contains collagen and elastic fibers?
tunica adventitia
Which cell type covers the nipple?
stratified squamous epithelium
What are the three layers of the uterus?
endometrium, myometrium and serosa/adventitia
Which type of muscle fiber is best described as having fusiform elongated cells with tapered ends?
smooth muscle
Which type of epithelial junction is also called the zona occludens?
tight junction
What are the two main components of the cortex of the ovaries?
CT and follicles
Which cellular structures allow adjacent cells to communicate for electric and metabolic purposes?
gap junctions
What kind of cells line the larynx?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Name two specialized cells found in Bowman’s capsule.
podocytes and mesangial cells
Can cardiac cells regenerate?
no
What cell is responsible for physical and repair of neurons, as well as K+ metabolism?
astrocytes
Which collagen type is primarily found in bone, tendons, and scar tissue?
type I
Which mechanoreceptor can perceive deep pressure and touch at higher vibrations?
pacinian corpuscle
What cell type in the CNS is analogous to the Schwann cell of the PNS?
oligodendrocyte
In what layer of the fallopian tube is there an inner circular and an outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer?
muscularis
What is another name for loose CT?
areolar tissue
Oligodendroglia are the predominant type of glial cell in ___ matter.
white
Which type of cell lines the external surface of the cervix?
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
List the three layers of the eye.
fibrous outer layer, vascular layer, inner layer
Pound for pound, which type of muscle has the most mitochondria?
cardiac
What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Identify the two layers that make up periosteum.
inner layer of osteoprogenitor cells and an outer layer of dense fibrous CT
What types of cells make up the white pulp of the spleen?
B-cells with a germinal center surrounded by a periarterial lymphatic sheath
Which cell type is the serosal layer of the uterus?
squamous mesothelial cells
Where is the macula densa located? What is its function?
between ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule
detects sodium concentration
What is bone matrix composed of?
type I fibers and ground substance that has become calcified
What are the phagocytic cells of the nervous system?
microglia
Which blood vessel tunic contains collagen and elastic fibers?
tunica adventitia
Which is resistant to stretch in multiple directions: regular or irregular CT?
dense irregular has collagen fiber bundles arranged in random directions and can resist stretch in many directions
What are the three layers that make up the tunica intima from innermost (lumen) to outermost?
endothelium, subendothelium, basement membrane
Which cells produce saliva?
acinar cells
Are there macrophages in the alveoli?
yes
Each Schwann cell functions to myelinate how many PNS axons?
1
Do distributing arteries (ex: femoral) tend to be more elastic or more muscular?
more muscular
Is an osteoclast a type of osteocyte?
no (osteocyte is a specific type of cell that occupies a lacuna within bone, osteoclasts are motile, multinucleated giant cells)
What are the five layers of the epidermis from surface to base?
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basalis
What makes up a Haversian system?
cylinders of lamellae surround a central canal that is lined by osteoblasts and osteoprogenitors
Name two cellular components of the corpus luteum.
granulous lutein cells and theca lutein cells
What kind of photoreceptors are concentrated in the optic disc?
there aren’t any photoreceptors in the optic disc.
What causes the choroid of the eye to be black?
melanocytes
What is the cell type of the serosal layer of the fallopian tube?
simple squamous epithelium
What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
What are the three main fiber components of matrix?
collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers
Where is collagen type X found primarily?
epiphyseal plate
T/F: Microglia are readily seen with Nissl stain.
false
Name three types of granulocytes.
neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
Do arterioles have an elastic lamina?
no
Is an osteoblast a type of osteocyte?
no-osteocyte refers to a specific type of cell that occupies a lacuna within bone. Osteoblasts secrete matrix, producing bone, and eventually become osteocytes.
Which tunic of blood vessels contain smooth muscle?
tunica media
Which has more goblet cells-a secondary bronchus or a bronchiole?
the secondary bronchus. Glands, cartilage and goblet cells decrease in number as you descend the airway.
What is the middle ear filled with?
air
Does smooth muscle have striations? T-tubules? Troponin?
no. no. no.
Which stem cell type gives rise to most connective tissue cells and is depleted or non existent in the adult?
mesenchymal cells
What causes skeletal muscle to be classified as red, white, or intermediate?
relative amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria
Which is the smallest voluntary muscle in the human body?
stapedius
Which layer of the eye contains photosensitive rods and cones?
retina (part of the inner layer)
Where are juxtaglomerular cells? How do juxtaglomerular cells respond to low sodium levels?
located in the tunica media of the afferent arterioles. They release renin.
What type of cells line the nasal cavity?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which cells of the corpus luteum of the ovary produces progesterone and also convert androgens into estrogens?
granulosa lutein cells
List three cellular components of the labia minora.
spongy connective tissue, elastic fibers, sebaceous glands
Name the three layers of the vagina.
mucosa, muscularis and adventitia
What names are given to the spongy, porous part of the bone that lines the marrow cavity?
trabecular (aka cancellous) bone
Name the two main types of tissue that make up the spleen.
red and white pulp
Where in the thyroid is calcitonin stored?
in the parafollicular C cells
What is the fate of the unfertilized corpus luteum?
it becomes the corpus albicans
Which are the only cells of the nervous system derived from mesoderm?
microglia (aka “brain macrophages”)
Which cell type covers the clitoris?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which cells of the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines?
chromaffin cells
What type of capillary has pores covered by a pore diaphragm, and is found in pancreas, intestines and endocrine glands?
fenestrated capillary
Which veins tend to have valves?
medium sized veins with exceptions (portal vein has no valves)
Which blood vessels do not have all three “coats”?
medium sized veins, with exceptions (ex: portal vein has no valves)
Which agranulocyte of the blood is not a leukocyte?
platelet
Name four different ways in which epithelial cell can be layered.
simple, transitional, pseudostratified and stratified
Which collagen type is primarily found in basement membrane and basal lamina?
type IV
Which integrin containing structures connect cells to underlying extracellular matrix?
hemidesmosomes
How do microglial cells (macrophages in the brain) migrate into the blood and lymph?
they don’t. Microglia are permanently trapped in the CNS.
What is the pinna of the ear made of?
elastic cartilage
What type of cell makes up the tympanic membrane of the ear?
simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium
Which cells produce insulin?
beta cells of the pancreas
What is the method of long bone formation that begins with a cartilage model?
endochondral formation
Actin and myosin: which is thick and which is thin?
actin is thin and myosin is thick.
Which type of connective tissue cells are active phagocytes, removing cellular debris and protecting against foreign invasion?
macrophage cells
What type of cells are housed in the medulla of the thymus?
epithelial reticular cells
Which type of connective tissue cells form the framework of liver sinusoids, adipose tissue, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, smooth muscle and the islets of Langerhans?
reticular cells
What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
collagen
Name the three layers of the fallopian tube.
mucosa, muscularis and serosa
Can a skeletal muscle myofibril partially contract?
no
Which mechanoreceptor detects sustained touch and pressure?
merkel’s disc
Name three types of agranulocytes.
lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets
What color is the cornea?
transparent
Which granule-containing white blood cell is phagocytic and plays a role in acute inflammatory response?
neutrophil
Which rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor has a high sensitivity for low vibration, light touch?
Meisner’s corpuscle
What type of CT cells are basophilic and found in greater numbers along the lining of small blood vessels?
mast cells
Where in the thyroid gland are T3 and T4 stored?
lumen of the follicles
Which cell type lines the opening of the lactiferous ducts?
stratified squamous epithelium
List the four stages of follicular development in the ovary.
primordial, primary, secondary, Graafian follicle
Do conducting arteries (e.g. aorta) tend to be more elastic or more muscular?
more elastic
What is the main function of circulating white blood cells?
monitoring immunological activity and inflammation
Which pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?
delta cells of the pancreas
What letter represents the light bands in striated muscle? What letter represents the dark bands?
light bands are I-bands
dark bands are A-bands
What cells in the bronchioles are columnar with dome-shaped apices and short microvilli?
clara cells
What cells produce myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
Name the three tunics of the blood vessel wall.
intima, media, adventitia
From where does the vestibule receive secretions?
Bartholin’s glands
Which glial cell forms a support matrix for neurons and can relay nutrients from capillaries to neurons by wrapping projections around them?
astrocytes (aka astroglial cells)
Which type of muscle is best described as branching cells arranged in layers with end junctions? What are the end junctions called?
cardiac muscle
intercalated discs
List three types of cartilage. How does their composition vary?
hyaline (contains type II collagen)
elastic (type II collagen and elastin)
fibrous (type I collagen, scanty matrix)
