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Cardiology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how do myocytes & capillaries respond to HTN?

A

myocytes enlarge and spread capillaries apart thus reducing capillary density

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2
Q

All mammals have roughly the same # of myocytes regardless of heart size. So what accounts for a bigger heart?

A

myocyte proliferation ceases shortly after birth; the heart will continue to grow via hypertrophy

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3
Q

what is the function of purkinje cells & in what cardiac layer are they found in?

A

conduct electrical signals to the ventricles ; endocardium

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4
Q

In what layer are myocytes & capillaries found?

A

myocardium

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5
Q

in what layer are the autonomic ganglia found?

A

epicardium

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6
Q

In what layer are the coronary vessels found?

A

epicardium

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7
Q

RV, atria, LV: list in order of most to least amount of thickness

A

LV > RV > Atria

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8
Q

What separates the pericardium from the epicardium?

A

Pericardial space which is lined by mesothelium from both layers

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9
Q

what is the function of intercalated discs?

A

they join myocytes to together to synchronize contraction and allow unrestricted ionic passage through the extracellular space b/t myocytes

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10
Q

cardiac muscle cells have 10 times more mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells. Based on your understanding of what the mitochondrion’s role is in a cell, what can you deduce from this?

A

cardiac myocytes rely heavily on aerobic metabolism

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11
Q

adipose tissue can be found in high concentrations of what cardiac layer and why is this physiologically important?

A

epicardium; adipose tissue acts as cushion in pericardial cavity

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12
Q

The chordae Tendinae do not have a direct vascular supply so how do they get their nutrients?

A

circulating blood within the chambers

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13
Q

In which gross structures of the heart can SA nodal cells be found?

A

junction of SVC & right atrium

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14
Q

In which gross structures of the heart can AV nodal cells be found?

A

atrial ventricular junctions

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15
Q

What is the name of the fibrous structure that sends conducted electrical signals to the ventricles?

A

Bundle of His

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16
Q

The bundle of His is made up of fibers?

A

Cardiac endothelium that branches into subendothelial branches called purkinje fibers

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17
Q

SA & AV nodal cells are…..than normal myocytes while purkinje & bundles are…..

A

smaller; larger

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18
Q

BNP is produced in what gross structures of the heart?

A

ventricles

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19
Q

Histologically, how does the myocardium respond to pressure overload?

A

the myocardium thickens causing the diameters of the myocytes to increase which promotes chamber dilation

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20
Q

compared to arteries, veins have a thinner…making them more collapsible

A

tunica media (middle layer surrounding the artery/vein)

21
Q

what structure separates the the tunica media from the tunica adventitia

A

external elastic membrane

22
Q

the subendothelial layer of the tunica intima contains what type of tissue that allows for substance diffusion into and out cells within the deep parts of the vessel wall?

A

loose connective tissue (basal lamina)

23
Q

large arteries have more elastic ability compared to medium arteries which are composed of what type of tissue?

A

muscular tissue

24
Q

Where is the vasa vasorum located and what is its primary function?

A

tunica adventitia; supplies blood to the vessel walls

25
Q

what is the main type of cell found in the tunica adventitia?

A

macrophages & fibroblasts

26
Q

the cells in the endothelial basal lamina of the tunica intima of elastic arteries formed junctions called….

A

zonulae occludentes

27
Q

what layers of endothelial lining is in arteries but not veins?

A

internal & external elastic lamina

28
Q

Describe the precapillary sphincter

A

slight thickening of smooth muscle at origin of capillary bed and arteriole

29
Q

compared to arteries & veins, capillaries only have 1 layer of endothelial cells. What does this allow for?

A

less resistance to fluid flow makes capillaries the main means of removing metabolic waste from the cells

30
Q

compare & contrast the 3 different types of capillaries

A

continuous: allows for simple diffusion of small molecules like Oxygen & CO2; fenestrated have more pores and diaphragmatic capability to allow bulkier molecules through such as steroid hormones; discontinuous (sinusoids) have holes within the endothelial lining itself allowing for cells to move across different fluid compartments

31
Q

What parts of the body are going to be concentrated with continuous capillaries?

A

muscle, lungs, & CNS

32
Q

What parts of the body are going to be concentrated with fenestrated capillaries?

A

endocrine glands & intestines

33
Q

What parts of the body are going to be concentrated with sinusoids?

A

liver, spleen, & bone marrow

34
Q

How do endothelial cells regulate blood flow?

A

secrete anticoagulants, vasoconstrictors such as endothelin & ACE, & vasodilators like NO; maintenance of ECM

35
Q

what parts of the body have higher concentrations of arteriovenous shunts?

A

thermoregulation centers near body surface

36
Q

what kind of endothelium is found in postcapillary venules in lymph nodes?

A

cuboidal endothelium

37
Q

How does histamine affect capillary beds?

A

increases capillary permeability

38
Q

how does serotonin affect capillary beds?

A

increases vascular contraction

39
Q

What are the primary functions of pericytes and what vessels are they located in?

A

postcapillary venules and some continuous capillaries; derived from same precursor cells as endothelial cells; pericytes give rise to new endothelial & smooth muscle cells during vessel growth and wound healing; they are also sensitive to NO

40
Q

what is the thickest layer in medium & large veins?

A

tunica adventitia

41
Q

Medium veins are primarily found in what part of the body & what is it about their distinctive histological features that make them well suited for where they are primarily located?

A

primarily found in lower extremities; in medium veins muscular tissue predominates the vessel wall making them the ideal vein for blood that has to fight against gravity to work its way back to the heart

42
Q

compared to saphenous veins of the leg, would you expect venous walls in the head & UEs to be thicker or thinner

A

head & UEs veins will have thinner walls since they do not have to fight against gravity

43
Q

Can fluid from lymphatic vessels drain back into capillary beds?

A

NO!!!!! fluid movement through lymphatic vessels is unidirectional

44
Q

where in the body are lymphatic vessels going to be priamarily?

A

skin epithelium & mucous membranes

45
Q

Lymph enter blood through which venous junctions?

A

internal jugular & subclavian

46
Q

What is the main and largest lymphatic duct in the body?

A

thoracic duct

47
Q

lymphatic vessels have greater permeability than blood capillaries. What is the physiological significance of this?

A

lymphatic vessels are more effective at removing protein & lipid rich fluid for ICF

48
Q

before lymph can be returned to the blood, it has to stop at an important checkpoint? what is the name of this checkpoint?

A

the lymph nodes which are rich with white blood cells

49
Q
A

Cardiology (8 decks)

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