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Cardiology > EKGs > Flashcards

EKGs Flashcards

1
Q

what produces the P-wave?

A

atrial depolarization

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2
Q

what wave marks the beginning of one cardiac cycle?

A

p-wave

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3
Q

what node generates the p-wave?

A

SA node

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4
Q

the PR interval represents what?

A

time from start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization

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5
Q

The AV node is generated during which interval?

A

PR interval

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6
Q

what does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

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7
Q

what action is happening during the ST segment?

A

mechanical contraction of ventricles

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8
Q

the T-wave represents what?

A

ventricular repolarization

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9
Q

how does hyperkalemia affect the t-wave?

A

t-wave will be larger than the QRS complex

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10
Q

The QT interval refers to what set of actions?

A

ventricular depol, ventric contrac., & ventric. repol.

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11
Q

prolonged QT interval increases risk of what?

A

ventricular arrhythmias

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12
Q

what drugs can cause prolonged QT intervals?

A

macrolides; haloperidol, TCAs, odansetron; azoles

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13
Q

which EKG leads are going to have a negative QRS complex assuming no cardiopathy is present?

A

aVR, V1-V3

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14
Q

which leads correspond to the RCA?

A

II, III, & aVF

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15
Q

which leads correspond to the LAD?

A

V1-V4

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16
Q

which leads correspond to the LCX?

A

V5, V6, & aVL

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17
Q

ST elevation is an indication of what?

A

transmural ischemia

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18
Q

ST depression is an indication of what?

A

subendocardial ischemia

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19
Q

the aVL lead corresponds to which other leads?

A

I, V4-V6

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20
Q

the aVF lead corresponds to which other leads?

A

II, III

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21
Q

Lead I & aVF are both positive represents what?

A

a normal axis

22
Q

+ Lead I & -aVF is associated with what cardiopathy?

A

possible LAD

23
Q

negative Lead I & + aVF indicates what cardiopathy?

A

RAD

24
Q

An inferior MI is associated w/ which coronary artery?

A

RAD (left ventricular hypertrophy)

24
Q

An anterolateral MI is associated w/ which coronary artery?

A

LAD (right ventricular hypertrophy)

25
Q

Would hypokalemia reduce or elevate the t-wave?

A

reduce it

26
Q

What is a normal QT interval quantitatively defined as?

A

less than half of the R-R (peak to peak) interval

27
Q

SA depolarization is not detected on a wriggers’ diagram. atrial depolarization (p-wave) always precedes atrial contraction which represent what wave?

A

a-wave

28
Q

the a-wave is due to an increase in atrial pressure associated w/ contraction; when will atrial pressure increase again

A

during ventricular contraction; atrial pressure will increase as seen on the c-wave

29
Q

ventricular contraction/systole begins b/t the a & c waves; what is happening to the ventricular pressure & volume during this time?

A

pressure is rising while volume is left unchanged; isovolumetric contraction phase

30
Q

Describe the pressure differences in heart chambers during Atrial Diastole?

A

LA pressure > RA pressure; VC pressure will be greater than both LA & RA; atrial pressure is slightly higher than ventricular pressure to permit blood flow from the atrium into the ventricle

31
Q

during ventricular contraction, what is happening to the volume?

A

ventricular volume is decreasing

32
Q

Ventricular Systole starts and ends b/t which two points of the cardiac cycle on a wriggers’ diagram?

A

QRS complex & end of t-wave

33
Q

during rapid ejection phase, what is happening b/t the atria & ventricles?

A

V pressure > A pressure; this opens up the semilunar valves of the aorta & pulmonary arteries; ventricular isotonic contraction

34
Q

during reduced ejection phase, what is happening with the ventricles?

A

LV pressure falls below AO & PA pressures; blood is still being ejected from the ventricles; in this phase, inertia rather than the pressure is driving blood out of the ventricles; coincides w/ t-wave

35
Q

when does ventricular systole end?

A

when the semilunar valves close; at the end of the reduced ejection phase

36
Q

What is happening during ventricular diastole?

A

Atrium pressure > Ventricular pressure causes AV valves to open; ventricles are relaxed and start filling w/ blood

37
Q

when does ventricular diastole end?

A

at beginning of next p-wave & reappearance of the R-wave

38
Q

S1 is associated w/ closure of which valves & during which part of the cardiac cycle is it heard?

A

AV closure; start of ventricular systole; QRS complex

39
Q

S2 is associated w/ closure of which valves & during which part of the cardiac cycle is it heard?

A

semilunar valve closure; beginning of ventricular diastole

40
Q

S3 can be heard during which part of the cardiac cycle and in what pts. is it usually heard?

A

rapid filling phase of ventricular diastole; pediatric pts.

41
Q

S4 is associated w/ which part of the cardiac cycle and what is it an indication of?

A

would be heard at start to atrial systole and is indicative of a hypertrophied ventricle

42
Q

preload is referred to as what?

A

the end diastolic volume

43
Q

what is the equation for Laplace Law?

A

wall tension = (pressure x radius)/thickness

44
Q

What leads produce a positive QRS complex?

A

I, II, III, aVF, aVL, V4-V6

45
Q

What are the left leads?

A

I, aVL, V4-V6

46
Q

what are the right leads?

A

III, aVR, & V1-V3

47
Q

Leftward axis deviation is associated w/ which type of MI and what is the gross pathologic finding?

A

Gross pathology: left ventricular hypertrophy; Leftward deviation associated w/ Inferior MI

48
Q

Rightward axis deviation is associated w/ which type of MI & what is the gross pathologic finding?

A

Gross pathology: right ventricular hypertrophy; rightward deviation associated w/ anterolateral MI

49
Q

What are prolonged PT intervals associated with & what is the normal range?

A

Norm: <200 ms; prolonged PT intervals are associated with AV blocks

Cardiology (8 decks)

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