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REnal > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the kidney

A

regulate volume and composition of body fluids

produce ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

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2
Q

where in the kidney system is ultrafiltrate modified

A

uriniferous tubule

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3
Q

how is urine moved through ureters

A

peristalsis

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4
Q

what type of fibers make up the stroma of the kidneys

A

collagen fibers with CT and reticular fibers

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5
Q

what type of cells make of the parenchyma

A

epithelial cells arranged in tubules

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6
Q

what makes up the uriniferous tubules

A

medullary pyramids in conical structure with the vase oriented toward capsule and the apex toward the renal sinue
this tubule inserts into minor calyx

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7
Q

how many major calyces are made from minor calyces

A

3-4

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8
Q

What is the cortex called that is found between adjacent pyramids in the kidneys

A

columns of betin

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9
Q

what composes one renal lobe

A

one medullary pyramid that overlays cortex

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10
Q

what is a functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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11
Q

what are nephrons subdivided into

A

renal corpuscle and a secretory tubule

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12
Q

where does a nephron feed into

A

collecting duct

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13
Q

where is the bowmans capsule found

A

within the renal corpuscle of the nephron

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14
Q

how many layers is the epithelium of bowmans capsule

A

double layer

parietal and visceral

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15
Q

what type of cells make up the visceral epithelium

A

podocytes

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16
Q

where is the bowmans space and what does it receive

A

between parietal and visceral layers that receives glomerular filtrate

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17
Q

what is the glomeruls

A

a tuft of capillaries that indent bowman’s capsule

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18
Q

what are the two poles of the glomerulus

A

vascular pole is wehre vessels enter and leave capsule

the urinaru pole is where ultrafiltrate exits corpuscle

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19
Q

what type of cells are found in renal corpuscle

A

endothelial cells of capillaries
mseangial cells
podocytes-squamous cells of parietal epithelium

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20
Q

What do endothelial cells at the glomerular filtration barrier produce

A

sialic acid rich glycocalyx with fenestrations

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21
Q

what do the podocytes produce and what do they look like

A

sialic acid-rich glycocalyx

trabeculae and foot processes that interdigitate with other pedicles to form filtration slits

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22
Q

what is the appearance of the glomerular basement membrane

A

trilaminar appearance

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23
Q

what is the primary barrier to filtration

A

the glomerular basement mebrane

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24
Q

what compunds are abundant in the basement membrane of the glomerulus

A

haparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate

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25
Q

what layer of the basement membrane borders the epithelial cell? what about endothelial cell

A

lamina rara interna next to epithelial cell

lamina rara externa next to endothelial cell

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26
Q

Where is collagen IV most abundant in basement membrane of glomerulus

A

lamina densa(central layer)

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27
Q

What glycoportein is on the surface of LRI and LRE

A

laminin

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28
Q

What layer are most filtrates limited in the basement membrane of glomerulus

A

at the lamina rare interna

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29
Q

what size molecules pass freely through glomerulus

A

under 5,200 MW

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30
Q

what size moelcules cannot pass through glomeruls

A

above 69,000MW

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31
Q

what is a major determinant of a molecule through the glomerulus

A

the charge, because the barrier is anionic from heparin sulfate so plasma proteins are repelled and cations pass more readily

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32
Q

Why are the urniferous tubules very acidophilic

A

mitochondria

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33
Q

what do the uriniferous tubules look like under microscope

A

ligth stellate lumen with many microvilli making the border look fuzzy

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34
Q

What area reabsorbs 70-80% of glomerular filtrate

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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35
Q

what is the morphology of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

cuboidal cells with dense microvillus (brush border) and abundant mitochondria

36
Q

how do proximal straight tubules look different than proximal convoluted tubule

A

cells are shorter with less microvilli and less developed with fewer mitochondria

37
Q

What do the proximal straight tubules narrow into

A

loop of henle

38
Q

In what structure is the loop of henle

A

medulla

39
Q

ascending limb of Henle pumps what into interstisium

A

NaCl

40
Q

what type of cells line the loop of henle

A

simple squamous epithelium

41
Q

What exchange occurs in the descending limb of henle

A

H2O out

Na, Cl and K move into

42
Q

which part of loop of henle is impermeable to water

A

ascending limb because lack of aquaporin

NaCl and K actively transported back into medulla

43
Q

What is the net result of loop of henle diffusions

A

osmotic pressure that draws H2) into medullary space and makes the filtrate hypertonic and medullary space hyperosmolar

44
Q

what is the morphology of the distal straight tubule

A

cuboidal epithelium with basolateral interdigitations
apically placed nuclei with numerous mitochondria
pale pink stain

45
Q

Where is the distal convuluted tubule found

A

cortex

46
Q

Which tubule is shorter: the proximal or distal convoluted tubule?

A

DCT is 60% shorter

47
Q

Under influence of aldosterone what ions pass in DCT

A 
reabsorb Na
reabsorb HCO3
secrete H
secrete K
secrete ammonia
48
Q

What is the function of the justaglomerular apparatus

A

regulate body’s salt and water balance

49
Q

When BP is low what is released in juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

renin

50
Q

what 3 cell types are found in juxtaglomerula apparatus

A

afferent arteriole (JG cells)
macula densa of distal tubule
extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis or polkisson)

51
Q

What cells secrete renin

A

JG cells that are modified smooth muscle cells

52
Q

what cells monitor the Na [ ] in tubule and stimulate renin release and contraction

A

the macula densa closely packed cells

53
Q

what is the function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

fusiform flat cells that provide support

54
Q

describe the cell shape of cells in cortical portion of collecting ducts

A

begin cuboidal and become columnar as they reach center

55
Q

what is the final site of concentration of urine

A

the medullary portion of collecting ducts

H2O is lost due to hypertonic medullary intersittium

56
Q

what makes the collecting ducts more permeable to H2O

A

ADH

57
Q

what do the collecting ducts become in the medulla

A

large papillary ducts of Bellini

58
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the collecting ducts

A

light cells that release H2) through aquaporin channels
dark cells that have alpha to secrete H
and beta to secrete HCO3

59
Q

How many types of cells make up the interstitial around collectin ducts

A

3 types

60
Q

What is the most prinicipal type of cells in intersititium of kidneys

A

type I which are produce powerful vasodilators such as PGs

61
Q

What are type II and III interstitial cells

A

II are probably phagocytic

III are unknown function

62
Q

what vasoconstrictor is made in glomeruli

A

leukotrienes

63
Q

What structures are found int he medulla area of kidney

A

loops of henle, associsated PST and DST and central collecting duct

64
Q

what structures are found in the cortex area of kidney

A

renal corpuscles, PCTs and DCTs
loops of hence
associated PSTs and DSTs and central collecting duct

65
Q

what supply the renal corpuscles of lobule

A

interlobar aa

66
Q

describe the flow of renal vascular supply

A 
aorta
renal a
segmental a
interlobar aa
arcuate aa
interlobar aa
afferent arterioles
glomeruls
efferent arterioles --> vasa recta and peritubular capillaries
67
Q

where are the cotical peritubular capillaries found

A

outer cortex and they drain into interlobular veins and arcuate veins

68
Q

where are the vasa recta aa located

A

juxtamedullary region that descen into medulla and parallel loops of henle

69
Q

what veins do the vasa rect bypass

A

interlobular veins so they drain directly into arcuate veins

70
Q

What are the layers of the lower urinary tract

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

71
Q

what are the layers of the mucosa of lower urinary tract

A

transitional epithelium with a lamina propria that attaches epithelium to smooth muscle

72
Q

what are the layers of the muscular is of the lower urinary tract

A

inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer of smooth muscles

73
Q

what does the adventitia layer of the lower urinary tract do

A

attaches organs to surrounding structures that may be covered with serosa

74
Q

What structure prevents extravasation of urine into interstitium

A

the tight junctions between stratified epithelium (when stretched become flattened)

75
Q

What lines the calyces in kidney

A

transitional epithelium (2-3 cells thick)

76
Q

describe the layers of the ureter

A

mucosa with a dense lamina propria and transitional epithelium 4-5 cells thick
muscularis with inner longitudinal and outer circular
adventitita/serosa on ventral surfaces

77
Q

How does the bladder stop filling

A

when it is filled the urine compresses ureter with bladder wall creating a pseudo-valve and preventing back flow of urine

78
Q

how thick is the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder

A

6-8 cells thick

79
Q

describe the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder

A

muscle very thick- detrusor

interlaced bundles of smooth m

80
Q

what is the outermost layer of urinary bladder

A

CT septa where nerves and vessels run- PANS ganglia present here

81
Q

When does the internal sphincter of smooth muscle open

A

automatically when detrusor contracts

82
Q

The urethra is high inw hat type of fiber

A

elastin

83
Q

how are the cells of epithelium arranged in urethra

A

pseudostratified then to stratified squamous at external orifice

84
Q

the external sphincter of the female urethra is what type of structure

A

skeletal muscle of urogenital diaphragm

85
Q

What part of the urethra in a male is surrounded by skel muscle

A

the membranous urethra

REnal (7 decks)

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