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REnal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the kidney

A

filter blood, produce urine, secrete hormones and produce calcitriol

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2
Q

is the superior or inferior part of the kidney more lateral

A

the inferior pole

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3
Q

which way does the hilum of the kidney face

A

anteromedially

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4
Q

between what spinal levels would you find the right kidney? left?

A

right TV12-LV3

left TV11-LV2

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5
Q

which kidney is more easily palpated and why

A

right kidney because it is lower

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6
Q

what structures lay posterior to the kidneys

A

diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis, subcostal n(T12), iliohypogastric n(L1), ilioinguinal n(L1)

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7
Q

What can the iliopsoas test tell you about the abdomen

A

abdominal infection

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8
Q

What structures lay anterior to the right kidney

A

liver, duodenum, ascending colon, hepatorenal recess

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9
Q

what structures lay anterior to the left kidney

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas, jéjunum, descending colon

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10
Q

what is the role of the fat and fascia around kidneys

A

protective and to anchor kidney in place

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11
Q

where is the pararenal fat and the perirenal fat

A

pararenal is external to renal fascia

perirenal is between kidney and renal fascia

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12
Q

what causes nephrotosis and what is it

A

dropped kidney into pelvis caused by deficiency in fats and fascia around kidney- late stages starvation

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13
Q

how do perinephric abscesses spread

A

not to the contralateral kidney

inferiorlly into the pelvis because of the anterior and posterior fascia layers fuse

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14
Q

what are the renal papillae

A

apex of renal pyramid directed toward renal sinus

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15
Q

what is a minor calyx, major calyx?

A

minor- surround and drain renal papillae

major- confluence of 2-3 minor calyces

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16
Q

How many arteries do the renal arteries divide into

A

5 segmental

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17
Q

which renal artery is longer? vein?

A

right renal artery is longer, left renal vein is longer

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18
Q

what veins drain into left renal vein

A

left gonadal, left inferior phrenic, left suprarenal vein

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19
Q

what is nutcracker syndrome

A

renal vein entrapment from the left renal vein being compressed by the aorta and Superior mesenteric a
men will form varicosities around testicular vein= pain

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20
Q

How do autonomic fibers distribute in the abdomen

A

renal plexus

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21
Q

what levels of smypathetics distribute to renal system

A

T10-L1 via lesser, least and lumbar splanchnics

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22
Q

where are the postganglionic cell bodies located for renal sympathetics

A

aorticorenal and renal ganglia

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23
Q

do the renal sympathtetics carry efferents and afferents?

A

yes efferent is vasomotor

afferent- acute pain T10-L1

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24
Q

Where are the parasympathtetics to renal

A

preganglionic in vagus

postganglionic in wall of organ

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25
Q

what are kidney stones

A

concretions of salts and inorganic material that accumulate in kidney and pass into ureter

26
Q

Describe the course of the ureters

A

inferomedially along posterior abdominal wall descending over pelvic brim to enter pelvis and then along lateral wall to enter posterior bladder wall

27
Q

where do kidney stones commonly lodge

A

at renal pelvis.ureter junction
at passage over pelvic brim
at entry into urinary bladder

28
Q

what vessels supply the ureters

A

upper 1/3 is from renal aa
midle 1/3 form gonaldal, aorta and common iliac aa
lower 1/3 from the internal iliac aa

29
Q

where do lymphatics drain from the ureters

A

upper 1/3 to lumbar lymph nodes
middle 1/3 to common iliac lymph nodes
lower 1/3 to common, external and internal iliac lymph nodes

30
Q

What autonomic suply does the upper ureter get?

lower?

A

upper from renal plexus and lower from inferior hypogastric plexuses

31
Q

What sympathetic cord levels supply ureters

A

T10-L1/2 via lesser, least and lumbar splanchnic nn

32
Q

where are the parasympathtetics to ureters

A

upper is from vagus

lower is from pelvic splanchnic nn

33
Q

what is the efferent and afferent parasympathtetics to ureters

A

efferent is vasomotor and motor to smooth mm

afferent is stretch

34
Q

what spinal cord levels are associated with pain from kidney or loin to groin pain

A

T10-L2

35
Q

Where is the apex of the bladder

A

posterior to pubic symphysis

36
Q

where is the neck of the bladder

A

inferior portion surrounds internal urethral orifice

37
Q

where does the median umbilibal ligament attach to urinary bladder

A

to the apex

38
Q

where does the ureter enter bladder

A

posterior, base surface

39
Q

what is the detrusor muscles layer of bladder

A

3 layers of smooth muscle not well organized

40
Q

what surface of bladder is covered with a serosa

A

the superior surface

41
Q

where is the trigone of the bladder

A

area between ureteral orifices and internal urethral orifice

42
Q

what is an extension of the ureteric muscle

A

the inner trigonal muslce

43
Q

what is the outer tirgonal muscle

A

typical detrusor muscle

44
Q

What is a Cystocele and what causes it

A

fallen bladder resulting from weakening og the pelvic diaphragm and or ligaments that support it
usually in childbirth, also obesity, chronic constipation or heavy lifting

45
Q

what can a cystocele cause

A

urinary incontinence

46
Q

How do autonomic fibers reach bladder

A

hypogastric plexus

47
Q

what sympathetic cord levels distribute to the bladder

A

T10-L2 via the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves

48
Q

what muscles are inn by the bladder sympathetics

A

trigonal muscle, sphincter urethrae mm and vasomotors

49
Q

describe the parasympathetics to bladder and function

A

travel with pelvic planchnic nn with bodies in the wall of organs and contract detrusmor mm and vasomotor control.
the afferents carry stretch and pain from non-pertionealized portions of bladder

50
Q

how long is the male urethra

A

18-22cm

51
Q

what are the various portions of the male urethra

A

intramural from neck of bladder
prostate that extends through prostate
membranous with is the spongy penile urethra

52
Q

what are the associated glands with male urethra

A

bulbourethral glands and the urethral(mucous secreting)

53
Q

how long is the female urethra

A

4 cm

54
Q

what are the various portions of the female urethra

A

superior is the pelvic portion and the inferior is the perineal portion

55
Q

what glands in the female are homologous to the prostate gland in males

A

the paraurethral glands near open of external urethral orifice

56
Q

how does micturition or urination begin

A

streth receptors are fired from filling and rravel through pelvic splanchnic nn S2-S4 to brainstem
descending fibers activate moto part of pelvic splachnic nn that cause contraction of detrusor mm and relaxation of the sphincter urethrae mm

57
Q

what is right above right kidney, above T12 rib

A

diaphragmatic pleural recess of lung

58
Q

what muscles form the bed for the kidneys

A

psoas major, quadratus lumborum and transversus abdominis

59
Q

what is the most anterior structure passing into hilum of kidneys

A

the veins

60
Q

what type of nerves are in a plexus

A

PANS and SANS

REnal (7 decks)

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