Embryology

Question 1

which primitive layer do the urinary and reproductive systems develop from

Answer 1

the intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

which ridge does the urinary tract develop from

Answer 2

nephrogenic

Question 3

what ridge does the reproductive system develop from

Answer 3

gonadal ridge

Question 4

What are the 3 stages of kidney development

Answer 4

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

Question 5

when do pronephros form and when fo they degenerate

Answer 5

form in cervical region during week 4 and degenerate by the end of the week

Question 6

where and when do mesonephros form

Answer 6

thoracic and upper lumbar regions- interim kidney until month 3
meonephric tubules develop and drain into wolffian duct of mesonephric duct which drains to cloaca

Question 7

when do metanephros form

Answer 7

during week 5 and functional by end of 3rd month

Question 8

what does the metanephric blastema form

Answer 8

intermediate mesoderm that forms excretory units- nephron like bowmands capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, loop of hence and distal convuluted tubules

Question 9

what does the ureteric bud form

Answer 9

evagination of mesonephric duct, penetrates blastema and forms the duct system of collecting tubules, minor and major calyces and renal pelvis and ureter

Question 10

Where do the kidneys form and when do they migrate

Answer 10

form in pelvis and ascend around week 9 to abdomen

Question 11

do the kidneys lay in their original position when the ascend

Answer 11

they rotate about 90 medially

Question 12

What does the urorectal septum divide

Answer 12

the cloaca into anterior urogenital sinus and posterior rectum/anal canal

Question 13

What arises from the urogenital sinus

Answer 13

bladder and parts of urethra

Question 14

what arises from the cranial portion of urogenital sinus

Answer 14

bladder and the urachus which forms median umbilical ligament

Question 15

what forms the trigone region of urinary bladder

Answer 15

mesonephric duct

Question 16

what does the middle portion (pelvic) of the urogenital sinus form in females? in males?

Answer 16

females it becomes the urethra

males it becomes the prostateic and membranous urethra

Question 17

what forms from the caudal (phallic) portion of the urogenital sinus

Answer 17

males only- penile urethra

Question 18

What arises from persistence of caudal renal aa during development

Answer 18

accessory renal aa that usually are asymptomatic but can compress ureter and cause hydronephrosis

Question 19

What causes renal hypoplasia

Answer 19

inadewuate branching of ureteric bud and lack of differentiation of nephrons.

Question 20

What is a types of renal hypoplasia

Answer 20

persistent fetal lobulation

Question 21

What happnes in congenital cystic kidney disease whenn it is autosomal recessive

Answer 21

cysts form from collecting ducts- renal insufficiency

Question 22

what happens in congenital cystic disease when it is autosomal dominant

Answer 22

cysts form from collecting ducts and nephron

Question 23

what are kidney cysts

Answer 23

wise dilations of parts of the nephrons

Question 24

what causes renal agenesis

Answer 24

ureteric bud fails to form and/or induce differentiation of the metanephric blastema
uni or bilateral

Question 25

what primarlily causes potter sequence

Answer 25

bilateral renal agenesis

Question 26

what does renal agensis resul in

Answer 26

oligohydramnios- fetus not urinating

Question 27

what are secondary symptoms to oligohydramnios

Answer 27

hypoplastic lungs potter facies- broad, flat nose, wide-set eyes, low-set ears, micrognathia sometimes limb malformations like club foot

Question 28

what is a horseshoe kidney

Answer 28

inferior poles fuse into pelvis and so ascent is blocked nu inferior mesenteric artery

Question 29

what are ectopic kidneys

Answer 29

kidneys fail to ascend

Question 30

What is the most comon malignant tumor of kidneys in children

Answer 30

wilms' tumor present before age 5 due to muation in WT1 gene

Question 31

How does one get a suplication of one ureter

Answer 31

splitting of uteric bud- someitmes can cause 2 kidneys

Question 32

what is an ectopic ureter

Answer 32

two ureteric buds form and one is normal the other goes to abnormal site on bladder or urethra, vestibule, vagina

Question 33

What occurs when the lumen of the allantois persists

Answer 33

urachal anomalies like a fistula, a sinus or cyst

Question 34

what is a urachal fistual

Answer 34

entire lumen remains open so urine could leak from umbilicus

Question 35

What is exstophy of the bladder

Answer 35

ventral body wall defect because lateral body walls do not fuse causing the mucosa to be exposed and presents with epsipadias

Question 36

What is extrophy of the cloaca

Answer 36

ventral body wall defect when lateral body wall does not fuse causing inner epithelium to be exposed and the urorectal septum is also deficient causing exposure to rectum. imperforate anus

Question 37

what is more severe extrophy of bladder or cloaca?

Answer 37

cloaca