Histology Flashcards
What is Homeostasis
Maintaining balance
Insulin: pancreas releases insulin when you eat, gives sugar to the cells to produce energy, lowering blood sugar
Glucagon: when blood sugar levels are too low, glucagon is released to increase it from the pancreas
Postprandial means…
After a meal
Homeostasis for body temperature
HOT:Panting and sweating when hot: evaporation of sweat can regulate and cool off temp.
COLD:Shivering where the muscles tighten and loosen consistently to keep the body warm
Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1: auto-immune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin, insulin is accumulated in the bloodstream and isn’t used for energy
Type 2: Blood glucose levels are too high because of accumulation of blood glucose that stays in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy
Structure and function of neuron
Long wires help It carry messages throughout the body quickly, the dendrites (branches) help receive signals and pass them onwards. The wider cell body helps process signals
Adipose Cell function and structure
Appear to be bulbous spheres, due to the storage of fat these cells have that take up most of their space (reservoir)
RBC function and structure
Bioconcave Disk, helps them fit through narrow blood vessels and increases SA to maximize gas exchange processes upon the greater SA
Muscle cell (MYOFIBRIL, MYOCYTE) function and structure
Composed of a collection o units that let the muscle contract (when shortened)
SMOOTH- can relax and tense, has elasticity
CARDIAC- faster signals to be passed and contraction
SKELETAL- long and cylinder shaped letting it shorten or lengthen for movement
What are the four types of tissues?
Nervous, Epithelial, Muscular, Connective
Where can you find Epithelial Tissue and what is the function?
- skin, airways, inner lining of digestive tract
- functions in secretion (Sweat glands) and absorption, helps to protect from foreign microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss
Epithelial tissue is avascular? What does that mean?
Lack of blood vessels
Why do lungs and digestive tract linings need SIMPLE epithelial lining? This process receives nutrients and expels waste
For gas exchange to occur easier
Is the skin made up simple or stratified?
Stratified; protection
What type of tissue is always found underneath epithelial tissue?
Muscular and CT
What is dust?
Dead skin cells
Types of connective tissue
Adipose, cartilage, blood, tendon, ligaments, scar tissue, bones
Why does it take tendons and ligaments longer to heal than bone?
Less blood is delivered to them
What is a keloid
thick, raised scar
what cells are found in blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Bone to Bone
Ligament
Muscle to Bone
Tendon
Stores energy and insulates
Fat
This ct is found in the nose, ears, and disks and reduces friction to allow flexibility
cartilage
what CT cushions organs?
fat, loose areolar connective tissue
What is an extracellular matrix
Cells separated by non-living material
Where are the 3 Muscle types found?
Smooth- inner linings
Skeletal- attached to bone for movement
Cardiac- found in the heart to allow it to contract and pump blood
Longest muscle?
Sartorius (upper thigh)
Smallest muscle?
Stapedius (ear)
Biggest Muscle?
Gluteus Maximus
Strongest Muscles?
Masseter (jaw), Heart, Tongue
Which muscle types are striated and which are involuntary?
striated: skeletal, cardiac (lines)
involuntary: cardiac, smooth (work by themselves)
What systems do nervous tissue work within
CNS (central, form brain and spinal cord) and PNS (peripheral, form cranial and spinal nerves)
What are the 2 cells associated with the nervous cells?
Neurons and Glial cells (support neurons)
What is a cell organelle and what are the functions of the following
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- ER
- Golgi bodies
- ribosomes
- vacuole
-lysosome
- nucleolus
A structure in a cell that has a specialized function
Cytoplasm: fluid to fill cell
CM: protective barrier
N: brain of the cell
M: powerhouse; Cell resp
ER: protein synthesis and transportation
GB: package proteins
RIBO: synthesize proteins
VAC: stores nutrients and waste
LYSOSOME: clean the cell
NUCLEOLUS: store DNA
Organ System Pneumonic
ILCREMINDERS (know function)
Ideal time for washing your hands? Recommended time?
Ideal: 30 seconds
Recommended: 15 seconds
What tissue protects organs from bouncing around and fills up space
Loose areolor tissue
Donning definition and the order
PPE on, gown, mask, goggles, gloves
doffing definition
PPE off, gloves, gown, goggles mask
Signs for infections
Redness
Swelling
Tenderness
Warmth
Drainage (pus)
Why shouldn’t you pop a blister yourself?
The skin underneath is very tender, so its unhygienic to break the skin since you’re exposing the lower clean skin to the environment that is dirty; can lead to more infection
Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent: (pathogen, bacteria, virus, etc.)
Reservoir: (where the pathogen lives/reproduces)
Portal of Exit: (how it can leave the body: faces, cough/sneeze droplets)
Portal of entry: How the pathogen enters a new host (fecal oral, airborne and droplets, vector (insect), direct, sexually transmitted)
Susceptible Host: people who are at a greater risk of catching
Goes back to infectious agent
How to break the pathogen, how to break the reservoir, how to break the portal of exit and entry
reservoir: medicine, clean apparatus
portal of exit: contain it with masks, bathroom hygeine
portal of entry: cover any breaks in the skin, social distance, vaccine, etc
What is conjunctivitis?
Pink Eye
