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Y1B4 (RESP & RAU) 📙 > Histology 🔬 > Flashcards

Histology 🔬 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system classified into?

A

There are 2 ways to classify respiratory system:

  1. Structural classification:
    i. Upper respiratory tract
    ii. Lower respiratory tract
  2. Functional classification:
    i. Conducting portion: For conduction and filtration of air.
    ii. Respiratory portion: For Gas exchange (respiration).
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2
Q

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system include?

A

1.Nasal cavities & sinuses.
2- Nasopharynx.
3- Larynx.
4- Trachea.
5- Bronchi.
6- Bronchioles.
7- Terminal bronchioles.

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3
Q

What does respiratory portion of the respiratory system include?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles.
  2. Alveolar ducts.
  3. Alveolar sacs.
  4. Alveoli.
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4
Q

What is the nose divided into?

A

1) The vestibule

2) 2 Nasal fossae separated into:
a. Respiratoryregion.
b. Olfactory region.

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5
Q

What is the vestibule and what is it lined by?

A

• It is the external dilated part.

• Lined by thin skin with thick hairs called vibrissae for filtration of air.

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6
Q

What is the respiratory region of the nasal fossa and what is it lined by?

A

➢ The constitutes the inferior 2/3 of the nasal fossae.

➢ It is lined by respiratory mucosa formed of: Epithelium and corium

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7
Q

What is a histological structure of the mucosa of the Respiratory region of the nasal Fossa?

A

Epithelium: Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.

Corium:
➢ Dense fibroelastic CT.
➢ Swell bodies: which are large venous plexuses

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8
Q

What is olfactory region of the nasal fossa?

A

➢ The constitutes the upper 1/3 of the nasal fossae (roof).

➢ It is lined by olfactory mucosa formed of : Epithelium and corium

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9
Q

What is the hosiological structure of the olfactory mucosa of the olfactory region of the nasal Fossa?

A

Epithelium: Neuroepithelium formed of 3 types of cells:

  1. Sustentacular (supporting) cells: Columnar cells
    with oval nuclei and cytoplasm contains yellow pigments. Has apical microvilli.
  2. Olfactory (sensory)cells: Bipolar nerve cells with oval nuclei. Their dendrites have long non motile cilia. Their axons collect to form the olfactory nerve. 3. Basal Cells: Small pyramidal cells responsible for regeneration.

Corium:
➢ Contains Bowman’s glands.
➢ These glands secrete serous fluid which acts as a solvent for the odorous gases.

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10
Q

What is the definition of paranasal sinuses?

A

Bilateral cavities in the ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, sphenoid bones of skull. Lined by thin respiratory epithelium with fewer goblet cells.

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11
Q

What is the definition of the nasopharynx and what lines it?

A

• It is the first part of the pharynx.

• Lined by respiratory epithelium

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12
Q

What is the histological structure of the nasopharynx?

A

Epithelium:
pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.

Corium: contains Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).

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13
Q

What is the definition of Larynx?

A

The Larynx is a rigid short tube between the pharynx and trachea .

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14
Q

What is the histological structure of the Larynx?

A

Epithelium: Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated with goblet Cells except vocal cords, anterior (lingual) surface of epiglottis.

Corium (Lamina propria): contains laryngeal cartilages (reinforces its wall).

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15
Q

from where does the epiglottis project and what is its function?

A

➢ It projects from the upper rim of larynx.

➢ It acts as a valve to prevent swallowed food or fluid from entering the trachea.

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16
Q

What is the histological structure of the epiglottis ?

A

Epithelium :
➢ The lingual surface: stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium.
➢ The laryngeal surface: pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium.

Lamina propria: contains glands.

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17
Q

What are the vocal cords?

A

They are 2 pairs of mucosal folds that extend into the lumen.

A. False vocal cords:
• The upper pair.

B. True vocal cords:
• The lower pair.

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18
Q

What is the function of the vocal cords?

A

The upper pair: • Protect larynx from foreign bodies.

The lower pair: • For phonation.

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19
Q

What lines the vocal cords?

A

The upper pair: • Lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.

The lower pair: • Lined by stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium.

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20
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

formed of
1. Mucosa.
2. Submucosa.
3. Fibro-Cartilaginous coat.
4. Adventitia.

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21
Q

What is the structure of the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Epithelium: (7 types of cells)
1) Ciliated cells: columnar ciliated, cilia beat towards larynx.

2) Goblet cells: have expanded apical part distended with mucin granules.

3) Basal cells: stem cells

4) Brush cells: Columnar with few microvilli. Depleted goblet cells or intermediate between basal and goblet cells.

5) Kulchitsky cells: Have neuroendocrine function. Secretes serotonin & calcitonin.

6) Serous cells: Apical electron dense granules. Produce serous secretion.

7) Migratory cells.

Corium (Lamina Propria):
▪ Loose C.T rich in elastic fibers, blood vessels
▪ Elastic fibers condense to form elastic membrane between corium & submucosa.

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22
Q

What is the structure of submucosa of the trachea?

A

▪ Loose CT contains tracheal glands which:
▪ Mixed (mucus and serous).
▪ Open into the surface epithelium.

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23
Q

What is the structure of the fibrocartilaginous coat of the trachea?

A
  • Dense CT contains 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage which are arranged above each other, maintain patency of the trachea and bridged at gaps between free edges by smooth muscle.
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24
Q

What is the structure of the adventitia of the trachea?

A

Dense CT contains blood vessels

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25
Q

What is the structure of extra pulmonary bronchi?

A

same structure as trachea

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26
Q

What is the structure of intrapulmonary bronchi?

A
  1. Mucosa:

Epithelium: pseudostratified columnar
ciliated with few goblet cells.

Corium: rich in elastic fibers.

  1. Muscle Layer: Spirally arranged smooth muscle fibers.
  2. Adventitia: Contains: Hyaline cartilaginous plates Mucous & serous glands. Lymphatic nodules.
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27
Q

Compare between trachea and intrapulmonary bronchus according to:-

Lumen
Wall
Mucosal folds
Epithelium
Elastic membranes
Submucosa
Glands
Cartilage
Muscle fibers
Lymphatic nodules

A

Lumen: wider - narrower

Wall: flattened posteriorly - circular

Epithelium: Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells - Same but fewer goblet cells

Elastic membranes: Present in mucosa between the corium and the submucosa - No elastic membrane but elastic fibers are distributed between the cartilaginous plates in adventitia.

Submucosa: present - absent

Cartilage: C-shaped cartilaginous rings - Irregular numerous cartilage plates

Muscle fibers: Few, bridge the gap of C-shaped ring - Complete muscle layer surround the mucosa

Lymphatic nodules: absent - Lymphatic nodules in the adventitia

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28
Q

What is the diameter of bronchioles?

A

Less than 1 mm in diameter

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29
Q

What is the structure of bronchioles?

A

Structure: consists of
1. Mucosa
2. Muscle layer
3. Adventitia

“Same as intrapulmonary bronchus the mother”

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30
Q

What is the structure of mucosa of bronchioles?

A

Epithelium:
1) Ciliated cells: Simple columnar ciliated. “As they are narrow cells”

2) Non ciliated cells: (Clara cells)
o Columnar cells with rounded apex.
o Represent 50% of cells.
o Secretes surface active agent rich in lipoprotein
which prevents luminal adhesion.

“No goblet cells as the mucus of goblet cells will include the cells’

Corium: C.T rich in elastic fibers. “As intrapulmonary bronchus”

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31
Q

What is the structure of the muscle layer of bronchioles?

A

Well-developed “More than intrapulmonary Bronchus” spirally arranged smooth muscle fibers.

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32
Q

What is the structure of adventitia of bronchioles?

A

C.T which has
▪ No Cartilage
▪ No Glands
▪ No Lymphatic nodules

“No space”

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33
Q

What is the definition of terminal bronchioles?

A
  • The smallest and terminal part of the conducting part.
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34
Q

What is the structure of terminal bronchioles?

A
  • Cubical ciliated cells alternating with Clara cells “Even more than bronchioles” (50 % of lining cells).
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35
Q

What is the definition of respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • Arise from the terminal bronchioles. 0.2-0.5 mm.
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36
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles lined By?

A
  • Lined by cubical cells which are surrounded by CT contains elastic fibers & smooth muscle fibers.
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37
Q

What interrupts the walls of respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • The wall is interrupted by alveoli which opens directly into the lumen.
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38
Q

What is the definition of alveolar ducts?

A

They are narrow tubes where the alveoli opens in their wall.

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39
Q

What is the definition of pulmonary alveoli and what is a group of alveoli what’s a common central space called?

A
  • They are minute air spaces representing the functional and structural unit of the lung.
  • Each group of alveoli which open into a common central space are called Alveolar sac.
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40
Q

What is the structure of pulmonary alveoli?

A

Structure:

  1. Alveolar epithelium.
    Type 1 pneumocytes.
    Type 2 pneumocytes
  2. Interalveolar septum.
  3. Alveolar pores.
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41
Q

What is the number of type one pneumocytes?

A
  • The majority of lining epithelium (95%).
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42
Q

What is the LM of type one pneumocytes?

A
  • Flat squamous cells less than 0.2 um thickness with slightly thickened area containing nucleus. “For easy gas exchange”
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43
Q

What is the EM of type one pneumocytes?

A

➢ Attached to each other by occluding(tight) junctions

➢ Have thin basal lamina. “For easy exchange”

➢Perinuclear cytoplasm contains small Golgi, few
mitochondria and rER while cytoplasm of thin
portion is devoid of organelles.

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44
Q

What is the function of type one pneumocytes?

A

Provide very thin membrane through which Gas exchange occurs.

45
Q

What is the number of type two pneumocytes?

A

5 % of lining epithelium

46
Q

What is the LM of type two pneumocytes?

A

LM:
➢ Cuboidal cells with rounded central nuclei.
➢ Found at angles of interalveolar septa.

47
Q

What is the EM of type two pneumocytes?

A

• Attached to type 1 by occluding (tight) junctions

• The cytoplasm contains many mitochondria, many rER,
prominent Golgi complex and electron dense lamellar
bodies rich in phospholipids.

48
Q

What is the function of type two pnemocytes?

A
  1. Can divide so act as progenitor cells for type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes.
  2. Secrete pulmonary surfactant.
49
Q

what is the definition and function of pulmonary surfactant?

A

• It is a mixture of phospholipids which lines the inner aspect of alveoli.

• It decreases surface tension so, prevent alveolar collapse.

50
Q

What is the structure of intra-alveolar septum?

A

Formed of:
a. Alveolar epithelium on either sides.
b. Capillary network (pulmonary capillary bed).
c. Supporting network of reticular & elastic fibers and C.T.
cells ( Septal cells, mast cells, lymphocytes & WBC).
“No collagen fibers as their presents indicates fibrillation”
d. Basement membranes of alveolar epithelium & capillary beds.

  • In certain sites, the 2 membranes fuse → alveolar capillary membrane. “To ease gas exchange”
51
Q

What is the definition of blood air barrier?

A

It is the wall separating air in alveoli from blood in capillaries.

52
Q

What is the structure of blood air barrier?

A

Formed of :
1. Type I alveolar cells.
2. The fused basal laminae of alveolar & endothelial
cells of capillaries.
3. The endothelial cells of capillaries.

53
Q

What are alveolar pores (pores of kohn)?

A

▪ The interalveolar septa are interrupted by holes called alveolar pores.

▪ These pores are important for communication between the alveoli.
“As well as bacteria, that’s why these pores are few in the children”

54
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

mononuclear phagocytes of lungs which represent first line of defense.

55
Q

What is the site of alveolar macrophages?

A

✓ Interalveolar septum.
✓ On luminal surface of alveoli.

56
Q

What is the origin of alveolar macrophages?

A

blood monocytes.

57
Q

What is the shape of alveolar macrophage cells and nuclei?

A

Shape: Branched cells with pseudopodia.

Nucleus: Irregular.

58
Q

What is the shape of the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages?

A

Vacuolated contains many lysosomes

59
Q

What are the types of alveolar macrophages?

A

Dust cells and heart failure cells

60
Q

What do dust cells and heart failure cells phagocytose respectively?

A
  • Phagocytose dust or coal particles.
  • Phagocytose extravasated RBCs.
61
Q

Where or when or dust cells and heart failure cells found respectively?

A
  • In smokers, cytoplasm is crowded with large irregular
    heterogenous electron dense bodies.
  • In heart failure, cytoplasm contains many vacuoles with
    hemosiderin granules.
62
Q

What is the fate of alveolar macrophages?

A

Migrate to bronchi and carried by ciliary action through the upper airway to pharynx →swallowed or expelled in sputum .

63
Q

What is the organizational structure of the kidney?

A

Medulla and cortex

64
Q

What is the structure of the medulla of the kidney?

A

10-18 “many”medullary pyramids containing medullary rays (collecting tubules)

65
Q

What is the structure of the cortex of the medulla?

A

 Cortex cortices “cortex of the cortex” : under capsule

 Cortex proper: around medullary rays “extend through the whole kidney”

 Renal column of Bertini: between medullary pyramids

66
Q

What is the histological structure of the kidney?

A

Stroma and parenchyma

67
Q

What is the structure of the stroma of the kidney?

A

 Capsule: fibrous C.T. with perirenal fat
 Reticular tissue

“No trabecule”

68
Q

What is the structure of parenchyma of the kidney?

A

 Uriniferous tubule: (Nephron + Collecting tubule)

“Anatomical and physiological unit”

69
Q

What is a nephron subdivided into?

A

1) Renal corpuscle
2) Proximal convoluted tubule (P.C.T.)
3) Loop of Henle.
4) Distal convoluted tubule (D.C.T.)

70
Q

What is the diameter of renal corpuscle? (Malpighian corpuscle)

“The most active part”

A

range 50-250um “very small”

71
Q

What forms the renal corpuscle?

A

o Bowman’s capsule “cover the glomerulus”
o Glomerulus

72
Q

What is the definition of Bowmans capsule?

A

Double walled cup shaped capsule

73
Q

What forms Bowmans capsule?

A

Two layers:

Outer parietal layer (capsular epithelium) : simple squamous epithelium

Inner visceral layer (Glomerular epithelium) : podocytes

74
Q

What is the definition of podocytes?

A

Large flattened modified epithelial cells.

75
Q

What are the parts of podocytes?

A

major and minor processes with filtration slits.

76
Q

What is the function of podocytes?

A

synthesis of glomerular basement membrane.

77
Q

What is the definition of the glomerulus?

A

Is a tuft “group” of capillary loops

78
Q

From where does the glomerulus arise?

A

afferent arteriole at the vascular pole (non-filtered blo

79
Q

Where does the glomerulus drain into?

A

efferent arteriole (filtered blood)

80
Q

What is the E.M of the glomerulus?

A

o Fenestrated endothelium (open) “for filtration”
o Basement membrane (continuous thick)

81
Q

What is the definition of mesangial cells?

A

Between glomerular capillaries

82
Q

What is the shape of mesangial cells?

A

Stellate shape with basophilic “RER” cytoplasm

83
Q

What is the function of mesangial cells?

A

o Continuous turnover of basement membrane
o Phagocytosis
o Supportive: secrete collagen

84
Q

What is the definition of blood renal barrier (filtration barrier0?

A

It is a barrier that separates blood in glomerular capillaries from capsular space in Bowman’s capsule

“In between the 2 layers”.

85
Q

What is the function of blood renal barrier?

A

blood plasma dialysis

86
Q

What are the parts of blood arena barrier and what is the function of each part?

A

o Glomerular endothelium: holds blood cells
o Basement membrane: holds plasma ptn albumin
o Filtration slit diaphragm: holds large molecule

87
Q

What does history of severe pain in the side and the back and spreading to the lower abdomen and history of bloody urine and fever indicate?

A
  • the case with renal calculi (kidney stones) found in renal pelvis.
88
Q

Why do kidney stones cause pain?

A
  • Movement of the stone caused severe pain and bloody urine.
89
Q

How could kidney stones be corrected?

A
  • It can be corrected by either surgical removal or breaking by shock waves
90
Q

What is a Continous and thick basement membrane of the glomerulus formed from?

A

made of fusion of two membranes (one of the visceral layer, and the other of the capillary). It is about 100 nm.

91
Q

What are the layers of the basement membrane of the glomerulus?

A

• It shows three layers:

Lamina densa (central and dark).
Lamina Lucida externa (outer and pale).
Lamina Lucida interna (inner and pale)

92
Q

What is the extent of PCT?

A

o Arise from urinary pole of renal corpuscle

o Continuous with the descending loop of Henle (in the medullary pyramid)

“Urinary pole to des. Loop of henle”

93
Q

What is the function of PCT?

“Higher work that DCT”

A

o Reabsorption of water and sodium

o Reabsorption of glucose, plasma proteins and amino
acids

o Excretion of some metabolites (as dyes)

“Literally everything”

94
Q

What is the definition of the DCT?

A

o Starts as continuity of ascending loop of Henle

o Ends in a collecting tubule

“Asc. Loop of henle to collecting tubules”

95
Q

What is the function of DCT?

A

o Reabsorption of water and sodium (under control of antidiuretic hormone)

o Reabsorption of sodium (under the control of aldosterone hormone

“Less than PCT, Under the effect of hormones”

Na, water —-> ADH
Na —-> aldosterone

96
Q

Compare between PCT and DCT Acc to:-

Number
Shape
Nucleus
Side border
Luminal border
Base of cell
Cytoplasm

A

Number: 3-5 cells “as they are big” - 5-8 cells

Shape: cubical - less cubical

Nucleus: basal & rounded - central & rounded

Side border: not clear - clear

Luminal border: microvilli (brush appearance) - microvilli (few & short) “as if it pushes urine”

Base of cell: basal mitochondrial striations - fewer basal mitochondrial striations

Cytoplasm: deep acidophilus and granular “due to mitochondria” - pale acidophilic and non granular

97
Q

What is the definition of loop of Henle?

A

o U shaped tube

o Connecting P.C.T. & D.C.T.

98
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

o Keeping the tissue fluid in the medullary pyramids “outside loop of henle” hypertonic “have higher osmotic pressure” by excretion of NaCl into it.

o Allowing water to pass from C.T. to it thus making the urine hypertonic

“The urine becomes the one that is hypertonic in the end”

99
Q

What is the histological structure of loop of Henle?

A

o Descending limb:
▪ Thick part lined by simple cubical epithelium.
▪ Thin part lined by simple squamous epithelium.

o Ascending limb:
▪ Thin part lined by simple squamous epithelium.
▪ Thick part lined by simple cubical epithelium.

100
Q

How are ducts of Bellini formed?

A
  • In cortex: Each C.T drains 5-10 nephrons.
  • In medulla: 6-8 C.T. open into large duct (of Bellini) that opens into medullary pyramid
101
Q

What is the function of collecting tubules?

A

o Conduction of urine

o Water reabsorption from urine
“Like PCT & DCT”

102
Q

What is a histological structure of collecting tubules and duct of bellini?

A

o Collecting tubule: lined by cubical cells with clear basophilic cytoplasm “like PCT & DCT but basophilic”

o Duct of bellini: lined by columnar “As they are bigger that C.T” cells with clear basophilic cytoplasm

103
Q

What is the definition of juxtaglomerular complex?

A
  • It Is a secretory complex “renin and erythropoietin” at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
104
Q

What is juxtaglomerular complex formed of?

A

o Macula densa cells: modified cells lining part of D.C.T. “In DCT”

o Juxtaglomerular cells: modified smooth muscle cells “in afferent”

o Lacis cells (polar cushion): small cubical supporting

105
Q

What is the function of juxtaglomerular complex?

A

o Regulation of blood pressure: as J.G. cells secrete renin hormone

o Secrete erythropoietin factor: stimulates erythrocytes development in bone marrow

106
Q

What is a histological structure of urinary bladder?

“Like bronchi”

A

1) Mucosa:
• Transitional “specific” epithelium
• Corium

2) Muscle layer: “for expulsion of urine”
• Inner longitudinal
• Middle circular
• Outer longitudinal

3) Adventitia: serosa in the fundus

107
Q

What is a histological structure of ureter?

A

Same as urinary bladder but Muscle layer formed of:

  • Upper 2/3: inner longitudinal and outer circular
  • Lower 1/3: as urinary bladder (3 layers)

“No middle, so the outer becomes circular”

108
Q

What is te length and diameter of PCT?

A

• Length: 15mm
• Diameter: 60um

109
Q

What is the length and diameter of DCT?

A

• Length: 5mm
• Diameter: 30-50 um

Y1B4 (RESP & RAU) 📙 (8 decks)

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