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HSF Block 3 > Histo - Urinary > Flashcards

Histo - Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is this?

A

Kidney

Function:

  1. Regulation of volume, osmolarity, mineral composition, and acidity
  2. Excretion of metabolic waste products
  3. Excretion of foreign chemicals
  4. Gluconeogenesis (during fasting)
  5. Secretion of erythropoietin (causes RBC formation)
  6. Secretion of renin (cleaves angiotensinogen to
    angiotensin I)
  7. Hydroxylation of vitamin D to its active form
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2
Q

What is this?

A
  • Capsule
    • Dense irregular CT
    • Adipose surrounds
  • Cortex & Medulla
  • Hilum
    • renal a. & v. enter/leave
    • ureter drains
    • nerve enters
  • Renal Cortex
    • outer part of kidney
      • extends btw renal pyramids = renal columns
    • renal corpuscles
    • proximal/distal convoluted tubules
  • Renal Medulla
    • inner part of kidney
    • renal pyramids
      • minor calyx –> major calyx –>renal pelvis–>ureter
    • collecting ducts & loops of Henle
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3
Q

What are the 3 things involved with Renal Function?

A

Basics:

  • Removal of metabolic wastes and excess water & electrolytes
    • makes urine

Involves:

  1. Filration
    • water & solutes from blood –> lumen of nephron
  2. Secretion
    • cells of tubules put substances into lumen after uptake from interstitium & capillaries
  3. Reabsorption
    • tubular lumen –> interstitium
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4
Q

What is this?

A

Urinary Pole of Renal Corpuscle

  • Bowmans’s Space
    • start of convoluted tubule
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5
Q

What is this?

A

Vascular Pole of the Renal Corpuscle

  • Macula densa
    • lots of nuclei
  • Lumen of distal convoluted tubule
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6
Q

What are the 4 Cells in the Glomerulus?

A
  1. Endothelial cells
  2. Podocytes
    • make up the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
  3. Mesangial Cells
  4. Simple squamous cells
    • making up the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
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7
Q

What is this?

A

Mesangial Cells

Basics:

  • Resemble pericytes
  • Make ECM
  • Mesangium = CT area btw capillaries & podocytes

Function:

  1. Provide physical support & contraction
  2. Help regulate blood flow
  3. Phagocytosis
    • protein aggregates
    • particularly Ab-Ag complexes
    • processes pass btw endothelial cells into capillary
  4. Secretion
    • cytokines
    • prostaglandins
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8
Q

What is this?

A

Podocyte

Basics:

  • Long primary processes
  • Branch into secondary processes or pedicels
  • Interdigitate

Features:

  • Separated by the filtration slits
  • Diaphragm btw filtration slits
    • formed by protein = nephrin + GAGs + glycoproteins
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9
Q

What is this?

A

Glomerular Filtration Barrier

Basics:

  • Controls passage of molecules from the plasma in capillary –> plasma filtrate in the capsular space (urinary space)

Function:

  • Size filter
    • restricts some proteins
  • Charge filter
    • (+) or neutral more readily filtered

When things go wrong…

  • Proteinuria
    • indicates kidney malfunction due to messed up barrier
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10
Q

What are the 3 Components of the Glomerular Filter?

A
  1. Capillary endothelium
    • Fenestrated w/ NO diaphragm
    • Prevents blood cells & platelets from entering urinary space
  2. Basement membrane
    • fused BL
    • prevents large proteins & some anions
  3. Filtration slit
    • Diaphragm btw pedicels
      • made of the protein = nephrin
    • Prevents small proteins & anions
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11
Q

What are the components of a fused Basal Lamina?

A
  • Lamina rara of podocyte
  • Lamina densa of podocyte
  • Lamina densa of endothelial cell
  • Lamina rara of endothelial cell
  • Matrix:
    • Type IV collagen
    • Laminin & Entactin
    • Fibronectin
    • Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (Perlacan)
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12
Q

What is the Flow of Filtrate during Urine Formation?

A

Urinary space –> PCT –> descending loop of Henle –> thin loop descending/ascending –> ascending loop of Henle –> area of macula densa –> DCT –> connecting tubule –> collecting duct –> papillary duct (Bellini) –> Calyces –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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13
Q

What are the 2 poles of the Renal Corpuscle?

A
  1. Urinary Pole
    • start of PCT
    • plasma filtrate from Bowman’s space enters PCT
  2. Vascular Pole
    • afferent & efferent arterioles
    • macula densa w/in wall of distal tubule
    • distal straight tubule becomes –> DCT
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14
Q

What is this?

A

Cortex

Glomerulus, PCT and DCT

PCT

  • Basics:
    • simple cuboidal epithelium w/ brush boarder inside
      • higher cuboidal than DCT
    • look “filled” - prominent glycocalyx
    • comes off of glomerulus @ urinary pole
    • basal striations = membrane infoldings + mitochondria
  • Function:
    • major site of reabsorption of glomerular filtrate

DCT

  • Basics:
    • simple cuboidal epithelium
    • little (if any) brush border
    • basal stiations/ mitochondria lining
    • vascular pole (afferent + efferent arterioles)
  • Function:
    • ​forms macula densa at glomerulus
      • part of JG apparatus
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15
Q

What is this?

A

JG Apparatus

Basics:

  1. Macula densa
    • many nuclei
  2. extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
    • same fxn as mesangial cells in glomerulus
  3. JG cells

Function of JG Cells:

  • Secrete renin
    • response to decreased BP
    • converts angiotensinogen –> Ang I
  • Intrarenal baroreceptor

Location:

  • Mostly in wall of afferent arteriole
    • modified SM w/ eosinophilic granules
  • Few in efferent arteriole

Function of Macula Densa:

  • sensitive to NaCl changes
  • Affects renin release by JG cells

Location:

  • Vacular pole of glomerlus
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16
Q

What is this?

A

Macula Densa

17
Q

What is this?

A

Collecting duct or tubule

Basics:

  • Simple columnar epithelium

2 Cell Types:

  1. Prinicple cells
    • aquaporins –> reabsorption of water
  2. Interalated cells
    • regulated acid-base
18
Q

What are the important characteristics of Interstitial Cells?

A

Basics:

  • From loops of Henle to adjacent vasa recta
  • Renal cortical fibroblasts
  • Medullary fibroblasts

Function:

  • Secrete erythropoietin

Note:

  • If activated, participate in interstitial nephritis
    • Nephrotoxic drugs
    • Lupus
19
Q

What are the 3 common Type IV collagen pathogenesis of renal disease?

A
  1. Goodpasture syndrome
    • autoantibodies against alpha chain of Type IV collagen
  2. Alport’s syndrome
    • mutation in gene
  3. Benign familial hematuria
    • mutation in gene
    • blood in urine
20
Q

What is this?

A

Ureter

Basics:

  • Connect kidneys w/ urinary bladder
  • Star shaped lumen
  • Lined by transitional epithelium

3 Layers:

  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis externa
    • inner = longitudinal
    • outer = circular
    • helical bundles (peristaltic waves –> force urine to bladder)
  • Adventitia
    • ureters = retroperitoneal
21
Q

What is this?

A

Urinary Bladder

Basics:

  • Receives & stores urine from ureter
  • Larger lumen/thicker LP & muscularis externa than ureter
  • Adventitia (inferior)
  • Serosa (superior)

3 muscle layers = interweave (Detrusor muscle)

  1. Longitudinal
  2. Circular
  3. Longitudinal

Note:

  • Transitional epithelium w/ tight jxns btw balloon cells
  • Discoidal vesicles
22
Q

What is this?

A

Female Urethra

Basics:

  • carries urine from bladder –> out of body
  • btw pubic symphysis & vagina
  • Short (4-5cm)

Structure:

  • Mucosa
    • transitional near bladder
    • SSNK w/ pseudostratified columnar distally
  • Lamina Propria
    • prominent w/ venous plexi (aids in closure)
    • Skene’s glands (mucous)
  • Muscularis externa
    • inner = longitudinal
    • outer = circular
  • Adventitia

Note:

  • midpart surround by sphincter urethrae = skeletal muscle
23
Q

What is this?

A

Female Urethra

24
Q

What is this?

A

Prostatic Urethra

Basics:

  • transitional epithelium, LP, muscularis
  • surrounded by prostate

Membranous:

  • stratified or pseudostratified columnar w/ LP
  • muscle inner longitudinal = internal sphincter
  • surrounded by skeletal muscle = external sphincter

Penile (aka Spongy Urethra)

  • w/in corpus spongiosum (NOT LP)
  • mixed epithelium
    • pseudostratified columnar/SS
  • mucous-secreting glands of Littre
25
Q

What is this?

A

Penile Urethra & Glands of Littre

Function:

  • secrete mucous
26
Q

What is this?

A

Loop of Henle

Descending thick limb

  • looks like PCT
    • aka proximal straight tubule

Thin limb

  • SS epithelium
  • more nuclei in XS than in capillaries
    • no blood

Ascending thick limb

  • looks like DCT
    • aka distal straight tubule
  • impermeable to water

HSF Block 3 (7 decks)

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