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HSF Block 3 > Histo - GI 3 > Flashcards

Histo - GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the liver?

A
  1. Largest gland in the human body
  2. 4 lobes
  3. Capsule
    • thickens at porta hepatis (hilum)
  4. Blood supplied by portal v & hepatic a
    • enter at hilum
  5. Bile, blood, lymph
    • exit at hilum
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2
Q

How does liver receive blood supply?

A
  • Dual blood supply
    • hepatic a
      • oxygenated blood
    • hepatic portal v
      • deoxygenated blood
  • Blood to hepatocytes = mixture of both blood types
    • hepatic sinusoids have both
    • drains to central v
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3
Q

What is this?

A

Liver (pig)

Metabolic Functions:

  • synthesis of cholesterol & bile salts
  • gluconeogenesis
  • deamination of AA
  • storage of iron, glucose, lipis, vit A
  • breakdown of glycogen
  • detox
  • RBC removal

Exocrine Fxn:

  • Bile secretion

Endocrine Fxn:

  • Albumin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Coagulation factors
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4
Q

What is this?

A

Liver (Human)

  • Hepatocytes
    • polygonal cells w/ large, central nuclei (or 2)
  • Hepatic lobules
    • cords of liver cells (linear arrangement)
      • w/ bile canaliculi & sinusoid in btw
    • central v.
    • reticular fibers & CT
  • Portal Triad in space of Kiernan
    • (1) portal v (2) hepatic a (3) bile duct
  • Sinusoids
    • Space of Disse
      • btw endothelial cells & hepatocytes
      • aka: perisinusoidal space
      • drains 2 types of blood toward central v.
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5
Q

Explain the Organization of the Liver

A
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6
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Structure

Blood flow in liver:

  • Branches of portal v & hepatic a in Portal Triad –>
  • Sinusoids –>
    • mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
  • Central v. –>
  • Leaves liver via hepatic v.

Note:

  • Blood flow is opposite bile flow
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7
Q

What is this?

A

Portal v & Hepatic a

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8
Q

What is this?

A

Space of Moll

  • btw last hepatocyte & start of CT of space of kiernan
    • start of lymph drainage

Note:

  • lymph drains towards hilum
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9
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Microvasculature

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10
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Sinusoids

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11
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Sinusoid

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Sinusoids in the liver

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13
Q

What is this?

A

SEM of Liver Sinusoids

  • You can see the large holes in the sinusoid
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14
Q

How does the Bile Flow in the Liver?

A

Bile Flow in the Liver

  1. Hepatocytes –>
  2. Bile canaliculis –>
    • has tight jxns
  3. Canal of Hering or cholangiole
    • has small, low epithelium layer (but still w/in the lobule of hepatocyte, before duct)
  4. Bile ductule in portal triad –>
  5. Bile ducts –>
  6. Leave liver thru R & L hepatic ducts –>
    • merge w/ common hepatic duct
  7. Connects to cystic duct –> gallbladder OR
    • Connect to common bile duct –> duodenum

Notes:

  • Opposite of blood flow
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15
Q

What is this?

A

Bile Canaliculis

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16
Q

What is this?

A

Canal of Hering aka Cholangiole

  • bile canaliculi are too small to see at LM
17
Q

What is this?

A

Bile Ductule in Portal Triad

18
Q

What is the relationship btw Blood & Bile flow in the Liver?

A

Flow in the Liver

  • Blood
    • from hepatic a & portal v in portal triad –>
    • towards central v
    • leaves liver via hepatic v
  • Bile
    • Hepatocytes –>
    • Bile canaliculus –>
    • canal of Hering (AKA cholangiole) –>
    • bile ductule in portal triad –>
    • bile duct
19
Q

What are the 4 structures in this image?

A
  1. Portal v
  2. Hepatic a
  3. Bile duct
  4. Space of Kiernan
20
Q

What is the structure of hepatocytes?

A

Hepatocyte Structure

  • Lots of RER & SER
  • Mitochondria w/ both:
    • shelflike & tubular cristae
  • Lipid droplets
  • Microvilli
  • Bile canaliculus sealed by tight jxns
  • Space of Disse
    • space between microvilli & endothelium
  • Lots of peroxisomes
21
Q

What are the Membrane Domains of Hepatocytes?

A

Btw 2 hepatocytes

  • bile canaliculus
  • apical domain
  • tight jxns seal canaliculus

Btw hepatocyte & endothelial cells of sinusoid

  • in basolateral domain
  • Space of Disse
    • microvilli from hepatocyte
    • collagen
    • Ito cells (vit A storage)
    • Pit cells (NK cells)
    • Processes of Kupffer cells
22
Q

What is this?

A

Space of Disse (aka Perisinusoidal Space)

  • Found in Space of Disse
    • Microvilli from hepatocyte
    • Collagen
    • Ito cells or hepatic stellate cells
      • vit A storage
      • become myofibroblasts w/ liver injury
    • Kupffer cells
23
Q

What are the 3 Concepts of Liver Organization?

A

Classic lobule (Hexagon)

  • Central vein as the center & portal triads at corners
  • Emphasizes flow of blood (endocrine fxn)
    • portal triads –> central vein

Portal lobule (Triange

  • Bile duct as the center & 3 central veins
  • Emphasizes flow of bile (exocrine fxn)
    • hepatoctypes –> bile duct

Hepatic acinus (Diamond)

  • Diamond shape w/ 2 central veins & 2 portal triads
  • Emphasizes metabolic fxn
    • oxygenated blood –> hepatocytes
    • Zone 1 = most O2 (most toxins!)
    • Zone 3 = least O2 (most damage!)
24
Q

What is this?

A

Hepatic Acinus

Basics:

  • Central axis follows a branch of hepatic a
    • in portal space of Kiernan
  • 3 concentric arcs = zones

Zones:

  • 1 = closest to hepatic a
    • most O2
  • 2 = intermediate
  • 3 = clostest to central v
    • least O2 & least nutrients
    • most glycolysis, lipid formation, drug biotransformation happens
    • 1st area to…
      • have fatty accumulation
      • undergo ischemic necrosis (least able to fight toxins)
25
Q

What is involved with Liver Regeneration?

A

Basics:

  • Hepatocytes grow slowly
  • Hepatocyte death causes mitosis

Surgery:

  • Sx removal of part of liver causes mitosis of remaining hepatocytes
    • Living donor
  • Compenstory hyperplasia

Liver Stem cell:

  • Oval cells
    • present btw cholangiocytes (canal of Hering/canaliculus)
26
Q

What is this?

A

Gall Bladder

Basics:

  • Stores & concentrates bile
  • Attached to lower surface of liver
    • has BOTH serosa & adventitia
  • Mucosa & Muscularis externa (thin)
  • Mucosal folds

Structure:

  • Simple columnar epithelium
    • LP underneath mucosa
  • NO muscularis mucosa!
  • Intercellullar space on BL surface
    • due to bile concentration

Diagnostic feature:

  • Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses (crypts) - RA crypts
    • Mucosal folds = artifactes
27
Q

What is this?

A

Gall Bladder

28
Q

What is this?

A

Gall Bladder Epithelium and Lamina Propria

29
Q

What are the 3 Steps for the Release of Stored Bile?

A
  1. Fats in the small intestine stimulate release of cholescytokinin from APUD cells
  2. Cholecystokinin causes contraction of the gallbladder muscularis
  3. Bile goes into the duodenum
30
Q

What is this?

A

Pancreas
Exocrine (and Endocrine)

Basics:

  • Has BOTH exocrine (digestive enzymes) & endocrine (hormones)
  • Retroperitoneal

Structure:

  • CT capsule
  • CT septa forms lobules
  • Reticular fibers
  • Pancreatic islets & serous secreting acini w/ duct system
    • Acini = have BL w/ reticular fibers beneath + capillaries
31
Q

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

A

Exocrine:

  • Serous secreting acini
    • cells have apical granules
  • Duct system
  • Secrete zymogens
  • 4 mechanisms for preventing self-digestion
    • enzymes in vesicles
    • inactivated by pH in vesicle
    • stored as proenzymes
    • inhibitory molecules keep enzymes inactive

Endocrine:

  • Cells secrete into the vascular system
  • Islets of Langerhans
  • Usually lighter staining than exocrine pancrea
  • Not easy to distinguish cell types
32
Q
A
33
Q

What is this?

A

Pancreas Structure

  • Intralobular ducts (D)
    • lined by simple columnar epithelium
  • Serous acini (A)
  • Ducts & blood vessels in CT (V)
34
Q

What is this?

A

TEM of Pancreatic Acinar Cell

  • Secretory granules
  • Zymogens
  • Released by exocytosis induced by CCK
35
Q

What is this?

A

Intercalated and Intralobular Ducts in Exocrine Pancreas

  1. Intercalated duct (starts within the acinus and is seen
    as a centroacinar cell)
    • simple squamous or low cuboidal
    • Secrete bicarbonate ions under influence of secretin
  2. Intralobular duct
    • simple cuboidal to simple columnar epithelium
    • w/in a lobule & surrounded by CT
  3. Interlobular duct
    • simple columnar or stratified columnar outside of lobules
  4. Zymogens
    • leave panncreas via main & accessory pancreatic ducts
    • go to the duodenum
36
Q

Comparison of Serous Glands

A

Parotid Salivary Gland

  • No centroacinar cells
  • Striated ducts
  • No islet of Langerhans
  • Myoepithelial cells

Pancreas

  • Centroancinar cells
  • No striated ducts
  • Islets of Langerhans
  • No myoepothelial cells
37
Q

What is this?

A

Centroacinar cell

Comparison of Duct Systems

  • Salivary Glands
    • Intercalated –> Striated –> Excretory (Interlobular)
      • intercalated does NOT begin w/in acinus
  • Pancreas (exocrine)
    • Intercalated –> Intralobular –> Interlobular
    • Intercalated begins w/ acinus
      • visulize as centroacinar cells
38
Q

What is this?

A

Interlobular Duct in Exocrine Pancreas

HSF Block 3 (7 decks)

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