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Histo Test 2 Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What type of immunity is performed by the lymphoid system?

A

Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity? Which cells (B/T) are involved with each?

A

Humoral–B cells

Cell mediated– T cells

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3
Q

Which type of immunity results in antibody production?

A

Humoral

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4
Q

A molecule that is foreign to the body is called an ____

A

antigen

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5
Q

How do B cells work?

A

Have surface antibodies that bind to antigens

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6
Q

How do T cells work?

A

Surface receptors that bind with antigens presented to them

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7
Q

Two types of lymphoid tissue arrangements?

A

Diffuse

Solitary nodules

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8
Q

What fibers constitute the framework (stroma) of lymphoid tissue?

A

Reticular fibers

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9
Q

Organs where lymphocytes are produced and/or become immunocompetent? Name 2

A

Primary lymphoid organs

1) thymus
2) bone marrow

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10
Q

Where immunocompetent lymphocytes contact antigens and proliferate? Name 2

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

1) lymph nodes
2) spleen

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11
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excess tissue fluid

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12
Q

What vessels make up the intranodal channels?

A

subcapsular sinus–> intermediate sinus–> medullary sinus

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13
Q

Describe pathway of tissue fluid through lymph node

A

afferent lymphatic vessels–>intranodal channels–>efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

The lymph node is the only organ with what vessel?

A

AFFERENT lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

The lymph node capsule is composed of what?

A

DICT

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the lymph node? Which cell types are found in each?

A

1) cortex–B cells
2) Paracortex– T Cells
3) Medulla–Mixed

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17
Q

What specific cells are found in primary nodules that are immunocompetent but haven’t interacted with an antigen?

A

Naive B-lymphocytes

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18
Q

How do naieve B lymphocytes enter lymph node? Where do they come from?

A

HEVs; from bone marrow

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19
Q

Which cell type of lymphoid nodules is antigen presenting?

A

Follicular dendritic cells

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20
Q

What differentiates a primary from secondary nodule?

A

Presence of a germinal center

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21
Q

What happens after lymphocytes are presented with an antigen?

A

Become lymphoblasts and divide into plasma cells and memory cells

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22
Q

Which area of the lymph node is “thymus dependent”?

A

Paracortex

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23
Q

What specialized vascular structure can be found in the paracortex?

A

High endothelial venules (HEVs)

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24
Q

Which segement of the GI tract possesses Peyer’s patches?

A

Ileum

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25
What two structures do peyer's patches lack?
Capsule and afferent lymphatic vessel
26
What specialized cell is associated with peyer's patches and samples antigens in the ileum's lumen?
M cells
27
Does the spleen filter blood, lymph or both?
Blood
28
What are the two main divisions of the spleen?
White pulp and red pulp
29
What's the origin of the splenic artery?
Celiac artery
30
Name the penicillar arteries
pulp artery, sheathed arteriole, terminal arteriole
31
Describe blood flow through spleen?
Splenic artery-->trabecular a-->central artery-->penicillar a-->venous sinuses-->collecting veins-->trabecular veins-->splenic vein
32
What type of artery is the central artery?
arteriole
33
Where does the first exposure of antigens to cells of immune system occur in the spleen?
Marginal zone sinuses
34
Which thymus lobe is absent in canines?
Cervical
35
When does thymus involution begin? What can accelerate it?
Puberty; corticosteroid drugs
36
Where do immature precursors for the thymus come from?
Bone marrow
37
2 main functions of the thymus
1) produce immunocompetent T-lymhpocytes | 2) destroy abnormal thymocytes
38
When does a thymocyte become a t-lymphocyte?
After it LEAVES the thymus
39
Which cells form the internal stroma of thymus?
Epithelio-reticular cells
40
Which area of the thymus is shared btwn lobules? which is separate?
Shared: medulla Separate: cortex
41
Where can the most immature thymocytes be found?
Cortex
42
What important structure do the ER cells form?
Blood-thymus barrier
43
What does the blood-thymus barrier allow the production of?
Immunocompetent, but uncommitted t-lymphocytes
44
Does the thymus contain lymphoid nodules?
No
45
What do mature thymocytes exit through?
medullary veins
46
Where are antigen presenting cells of the thymus? Purpose?
Cortex; assist in selection process to eliminate those that respond to self-antigens
47
Layers of old/degenerating reticular cells are called? Where can they be found?
Thymic corpuscle; medulla
48
What germinal layer does epidermis develop from? Dermis? Hypodermis?
Epidermis--ectoderm | Dermis and hypo--mesoderm
49
Epidermal layers from deepest to superficial?
Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
50
Cells types found in stratum basale?
Basal cells, melanocytes, and merkel cells
51
Key characteristic of stratum spinosum?
numerous intercellular bridges (desmosomes)
52
Cell types found in stratum spinosum?
Keratinocytes, langerhans cells, melanophore
53
Key characteristic of stratum granulosum?
keratohyalin granules
54
Function of filaggrin?
assembles keratin filaments into bundles
55
Which epidermal layer isn't common among domestic spp?
Stratum lucidum
56
Unique transformation product of keratohyalin in stratum lucidum?
Eleidin
57
Layer of the stratum corneum that is "flaking off"
stratum disjunctum
58
What do melanocytes use to produce melanin? enzyme used and what activates it?
Tyrosine; tyrosinase (activated by UV light)
59
membrane bound bag where melanin is synthesized?
melanosome
60
Keratinocytes that uptake melanin are called?
Melanophore
61
Function of langerhans cells?
antigen presenting
62
Function of merkel cell
mechanorecptor for sense of touch..closely associated with axon terminal
63
Function of merkel cell
mechanorecptor for sense of touch..closely associated with axon terminal
64
At dermo-epidermal juntion, what are teh epidermal pegs called? Dermal?
Epidermal--Rete pegs | Dermal-- Dermal papillae
65
Primary fiber type of dermis?
Type 1 collagen
66
2 layers of the dermis?
``` Papillary layer (upper 1/3) Reticular layer (lower 2/3) ```
67
Function of hypodermis?
attaches dermis to deep fascia
68
Function of hypodermis?
attaches dermis to deep fascia
69
3 networks that make up the dermal blood supply? general location?
superficial (close to epidermis) middle (near follicles and glands) deep (junction of dermis and hypodermis)
70
What are the regions of the hair proper?
shaft and root
71
stem cells that proliferate to form the hair?
Matrix
72
Layers of the hair proper?
cuticle, cortex, medulla
73
In which direction do the free edges of the cuticle point? what layer do they interlock with?
upward; cuticle of IRS
74
Which layer of the hair follicle doesn't span the entire length? Where does it end?
IRS; where sebaceous glands empty into follicle
75
Which layer is continuous with the epidermis?
ERS
76
What structure provides vascular nourishment for hair growth?
Dermal papilla
77
What type of muscle is the arrector pili?
smooth
78
What composes the pilosebaceous unit?
hair proper, hair follicle, arrector pili, sebaceous gland
79
What are the 3 phases of the hair cycle?
Anagen, catagen, telogen
80
What forms during catagen when the bulb detaches?
club hair
81
What structure is modified into 2 layers in the tactile hair? Name layers
dermal sheath 1) inner dermal sheath 2) outer dermal sheath
82
What unique structure separates the 2 dermal sheath layers of a tactile hair?
Follicular blood sinus
83
Name 3 stimuli and the mechanoreceptors they activate
1) free nerve endings--light touch 2) merkel cells--touch pressure 3) vibration--pacinian corpuscles
84
Where do the sebaceous glands open? mode of secretion? nature of secretion?
into upper 1/3 of follicle; holocrine secretion; sebum (lipid)
85
Two types of sweat glands? which are most common? where does each open?
1) Apocrine (COMMON)--opens into hair follicle | 2) Merocrine--opens onto epidermal surface

Histology (13 decks)

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