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Histology > Histo Test 2 Stuff > Flashcards

Histo Test 2 Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What type of immunity is performed by the lymphoid system?

A

Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity? Which cells (B/T) are involved with each?

A

Humoral–B cells

Cell mediated– T cells

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3
Q

Which type of immunity results in antibody production?

A

Humoral

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4
Q

A molecule that is foreign to the body is called an ____

A

antigen

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5
Q

How do B cells work?

A

Have surface antibodies that bind to antigens

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6
Q

How do T cells work?

A

Surface receptors that bind with antigens presented to them

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7
Q

Two types of lymphoid tissue arrangements?

A

Diffuse

Solitary nodules

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8
Q

What fibers constitute the framework (stroma) of lymphoid tissue?

A

Reticular fibers

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9
Q

Organs where lymphocytes are produced and/or become immunocompetent? Name 2

A

Primary lymphoid organs

1) thymus
2) bone marrow

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10
Q

Where immunocompetent lymphocytes contact antigens and proliferate? Name 2

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

1) lymph nodes
2) spleen

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11
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excess tissue fluid

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12
Q

What vessels make up the intranodal channels?

A

subcapsular sinus–> intermediate sinus–> medullary sinus

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13
Q

Describe pathway of tissue fluid through lymph node

A

afferent lymphatic vessels–>intranodal channels–>efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

The lymph node is the only organ with what vessel?

A

AFFERENT lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

The lymph node capsule is composed of what?

A

DICT

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the lymph node? Which cell types are found in each?

A

1) cortex–B cells
2) Paracortex– T Cells
3) Medulla–Mixed

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17
Q

What specific cells are found in primary nodules that are immunocompetent but haven’t interacted with an antigen?

A

Naive B-lymphocytes

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18
Q

How do naieve B lymphocytes enter lymph node? Where do they come from?

A

HEVs; from bone marrow

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19
Q

Which cell type of lymphoid nodules is antigen presenting?

A

Follicular dendritic cells

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20
Q

What differentiates a primary from secondary nodule?

A

Presence of a germinal center

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21
Q

What happens after lymphocytes are presented with an antigen?

A

Become lymphoblasts and divide into plasma cells and memory cells

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22
Q

Which area of the lymph node is “thymus dependent”?

A

Paracortex

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23
Q

What specialized vascular structure can be found in the paracortex?

A

High endothelial venules (HEVs)

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24
Q

Which segement of the GI tract possesses Peyer’s patches?

A

Ileum

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25
Q

What two structures do peyer’s patches lack?

A

Capsule and afferent lymphatic vessel

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26
Q

What specialized cell is associated with peyer’s patches and samples antigens in the ileum’s lumen?

A

M cells

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27
Q

Does the spleen filter blood, lymph or both?

A

Blood

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28
Q

What are the two main divisions of the spleen?

A

White pulp and red pulp

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29
Q

What’s the origin of the splenic artery?

A

Celiac artery

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30
Q

Name the penicillar arteries

A

pulp artery, sheathed arteriole, terminal arteriole

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31
Q

Describe blood flow through spleen?

A

Splenic artery–>trabecular a–>central artery–>penicillar a–>venous sinuses–>collecting veins–>trabecular veins–>splenic vein

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32
Q

What type of artery is the central artery?

A

arteriole

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33
Q

Where does the first exposure of antigens to cells of immune system occur in the spleen?

A

Marginal zone sinuses

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34
Q

Which thymus lobe is absent in canines?

A

Cervical

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35
Q

When does thymus involution begin? What can accelerate it?

A

Puberty; corticosteroid drugs

36
Q

Where do immature precursors for the thymus come from?

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

2 main functions of the thymus

A

1) produce immunocompetent T-lymhpocytes

2) destroy abnormal thymocytes

38
Q

When does a thymocyte become a t-lymphocyte?

A

After it LEAVES the thymus

39
Q

Which cells form the internal stroma of thymus?

A

Epithelio-reticular cells

40
Q

Which area of the thymus is shared btwn lobules? which is separate?

A

Shared: medulla
Separate: cortex

41
Q

Where can the most immature thymocytes be found?

A

Cortex

42
Q

What important structure do the ER cells form?

A

Blood-thymus barrier

43
Q

What does the blood-thymus barrier allow the production of?

A

Immunocompetent, but uncommitted t-lymphocytes

44
Q

Does the thymus contain lymphoid nodules?

A

No

45
Q

What do mature thymocytes exit through?

A

medullary veins

46
Q

Where are antigen presenting cells of the thymus? Purpose?

A

Cortex; assist in selection process to eliminate those that respond to self-antigens

47
Q

Layers of old/degenerating reticular cells are called? Where can they be found?

A

Thymic corpuscle; medulla

48
Q

What germinal layer does epidermis develop from? Dermis? Hypodermis?

A

Epidermis–ectoderm

Dermis and hypo–mesoderm

49
Q

Epidermal layers from deepest to superficial?

A

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

50
Q

Cells types found in stratum basale?

A

Basal cells, melanocytes, and merkel cells

51
Q

Key characteristic of stratum spinosum?

A

numerous intercellular bridges (desmosomes)

52
Q

Cell types found in stratum spinosum?

A

Keratinocytes, langerhans cells, melanophore

53
Q

Key characteristic of stratum granulosum?

A

keratohyalin granules

54
Q

Function of filaggrin?

A

assembles keratin filaments into bundles

55
Q

Which epidermal layer isn’t common among domestic spp?

A

Stratum lucidum

56
Q

Unique transformation product of keratohyalin in stratum lucidum?

A

Eleidin

57
Q

Layer of the stratum corneum that is “flaking off”

A

stratum disjunctum

58
Q

What do melanocytes use to produce melanin? enzyme used and what activates it?

A

Tyrosine; tyrosinase (activated by UV light)

59
Q

membrane bound bag where melanin is synthesized?

A

melanosome

60
Q

Keratinocytes that uptake melanin are called?

A

Melanophore

61
Q

Function of langerhans cells?

A

antigen presenting

62
Q

Function of merkel cell

A

mechanorecptor for sense of touch..closely associated with axon terminal

63
Q

Function of merkel cell

A

mechanorecptor for sense of touch..closely associated with axon terminal

64
Q

At dermo-epidermal juntion, what are teh epidermal pegs called? Dermal?

A

Epidermal–Rete pegs

Dermal– Dermal papillae

65
Q

Primary fiber type of dermis?

A

Type 1 collagen

66
Q

2 layers of the dermis?

A 
Papillary layer (upper 1/3)
Reticular layer (lower 2/3)
67
Q

Function of hypodermis?

A

attaches dermis to deep fascia

68
Q

Function of hypodermis?

A

attaches dermis to deep fascia

69
Q

3 networks that make up the dermal blood supply? general location?

A

superficial (close to epidermis)
middle (near follicles and glands)
deep (junction of dermis and hypodermis)

70
Q

What are the regions of the hair proper?

A

shaft and root

71
Q

stem cells that proliferate to form the hair?

A

Matrix

72
Q

Layers of the hair proper?

A

cuticle, cortex, medulla

73
Q

In which direction do the free edges of the cuticle point? what layer do they interlock with?

A

upward; cuticle of IRS

74
Q

Which layer of the hair follicle doesn’t span the entire length? Where does it end?

A

IRS; where sebaceous glands empty into follicle

75
Q

Which layer is continuous with the epidermis?

A

ERS

76
Q

What structure provides vascular nourishment for hair growth?

A

Dermal papilla

77
Q

What type of muscle is the arrector pili?

A

smooth

78
Q

What composes the pilosebaceous unit?

A

hair proper, hair follicle, arrector pili, sebaceous gland

79
Q

What are the 3 phases of the hair cycle?

A

Anagen, catagen, telogen

80
Q

What forms during catagen when the bulb detaches?

A

club hair

81
Q

What structure is modified into 2 layers in the tactile hair? Name layers

A

dermal sheath

1) inner dermal sheath
2) outer dermal sheath

82
Q

What unique structure separates the 2 dermal sheath layers of a tactile hair?

A

Follicular blood sinus

83
Q

Name 3 stimuli and the mechanoreceptors they activate

A

1) free nerve endings–light touch
2) merkel cells–touch pressure
3) vibration–pacinian corpuscles

84
Q

Where do the sebaceous glands open? mode of secretion? nature of secretion?

A

into upper 1/3 of follicle; holocrine secretion; sebum (lipid)

85
Q

Two types of sweat glands? which are most common? where does each open?

A

1) Apocrine (COMMON)–opens into hair follicle

2) Merocrine–opens onto epidermal surface

Histology (13 decks)

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