Histo Test 1 Stuff

Question 1

What 4 layers does the enamel organ differentiate into?

Answer 1

1) Inner enamel epithelium
2) Stratum intermedium
3) Stellate reticulum
4) Outer enamel epithelium

Question 2

Which cells produce enamel?

Answer 2

Ameloblasts

Question 3

Which layer induces formation of ameloblasts? From which layer do ameloblasts arise?

Answer 3

Induced by stratum intermedium; arise from inner enamel epithelium

Question 4

What two things does the dental papilla differentiate into?

Answer 4

1) pulp cavity

2) Odontoblasts

Question 5

What do odontoblasts secrete?

Answer 5

Dentin

Question 6

Which cells or layer induces formation of odontoblasts?

Answer 6

Ameloblasts

Question 7

What two main germinal layers are involved in tooth formation?

Answer 7

Oral epithelium and mesenchyme

Question 8

The periodontal ligament anchors what together?

Answer 8

the bone of mandible and cementum covering dentin

Question 9

Two cell types of cementum? Their functions?

Answer 9

1) Cementocytes–maintain cementum

2) Cementoblasts–secrete cementum

Question 10

What makes up a cutaneous mucous membrane

Answer 10

Stratified squamous epithelium with supporting DICT

Question 11

What type of connective tissue makes up the periodontal ligament?

Answer 11

collagen-type I

Question 12

How many sets of capillaries does the portal system cross before reaching hepatic vein?

Answer 12

2 (GI capillary and sinusoids of liver)

Question 13

The breakdown of what molecule creates bilirubin?

Answer 13

Hemoglobin

Question 14

What molecule transports bilirubin to liver?

Answer 14

Albumin

Question 15

What 3 structures are found in the portal area?

Answer 15

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile ducts

Question 16

Macrophages of the liver

Answer 16

Kupffer Cells

Question 17

Where does the plasma filter to from the sinusoids?

Answer 17

Space of disse

Question 18

What makes bile?

Answer 18

Hepatocytes

Question 19

What are the 3 liver lobule concepts?

Answer 19

1) Classic lobule
2) Hepatic acinus
3) Portal Lobule

Question 20

What germ layer does the pancreas develop from?

Answer 20

Endoderm

Question 21

What constitutes exocrine pancreas?

Answer 21

acinus and duct system

Question 22

What constitutes endocrine pancreas?

Answer 22

Pancreatic islets

Question 23

Which cell can be found in the lumen of acinus? What does it make?

Answer 23

Centroacinar cell; water and bicarbonate

Question 24

Cells of pancreatic islets? What they secrete?

Answer 24

1) Alpha–glucagon
2) Beta–insulin
3) Delta– somatostatin

Question 25

What do fat products in SI stimulate secretion of?

Answer 25

CCK

Question 26

Actions of CCK

Answer 26

simulates acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes & causes gallbladder contraction

Question 27

What does acid in proximal SI stimulate secretion of? From what cells?

Answer 27

Secretin from "s" cells

Question 28

Actions of secretin

Answer 28

stimulates water and bicarb secretion from centroacinar cells and intercalated ducts

Question 29

What does stomach distension cause secretion of?

Answer 29

Gastrin

Question 30

3 main classifications of hormones

Answer 30

1) Proteins and polypeptides 2) Amino-acid derivatives 3) Steroids and fatty acids

Question 31

Where are peptide hormones stored? how do they circulate?

Answer 31

Cytoplasmic granules; unbound

Question 32

What are amino acid hormones synthesized from? How do they ciruculate?

Answer 32

Tyrosine; unbound

Question 33

Where are steroid hormones synthesized? Are they stored? How do they circulate?

Answer 33

mitochondria and SER; NOT STORED (made when needed; bound to plasma proteins

Question 34

Major DIVISIONS of pituitary

Answer 34

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypohysis

Question 35

Subdivisions of Adenohypophysis

Answer 35

Pars distalis Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis

Question 36

Subdivisions of neurohypophysis

Answer 36

Pars nervosa Infundibulum Median eminence

Question 37

Main nuclei and hormones of neurohypophysis

Answer 37

PVN and SON; vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 38

Main cell type of pars nervosa

Answer 38

pituicytes

Question 39

What structures in pars nervosa hold oxytocin and ADH

Answer 39

herring bodies

Question 40

Main product of follicular cells? Stimulus?

Answer 40

T3 and T4; stimulated by TSH

Question 41

Function of parafollicular cells

Answer 41

make calcitonin--lowers Ca concentration

Question 42

Main product of colloid

Answer 42

Thyroglobulin

Question 43

Major functional cell of parathyroid gland? Function?

Answer 43

Cheif cells--secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase blood calcium

Question 44

3 layers of adrenal cortex (superficial to deep)

Answer 44

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis (GFR)

Question 45

Zona Glomerulosa: stimulus? Class of hormones it secretes? Example?

Answer 45

Angiotensin II, ACTH Mineralocorticoids ex: aldosterone

Question 46

Zona fasiculata: stimulus? main cell type? class of hormone it releases? Example.

Answer 46

ACTH Spongiocytes Glucocorticoids Cortisol

Question 47

Zona reticularis: stimulus? releases was classes of hormones?

Answer 47

ACTH | glucocorticoids and androgens

Question 48

What germ layer gives rise to cortex? Medulla?

Answer 48

Cortex: mesoderm Medulla: ectoderm

Question 49

Cell type of medulla? what do they make and release? Stimulus?

Answer 49

Chromaffin cells Epi and NE preganglionic splanchnic nerves

Question 50

Tongue papillae are modifications of what layer(s)?

Answer 50

mucosa

Question 51

5 types of papillae

Answer 51

conical, filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate, vallate

Question 52

Which taste bud cell type can regenerate (name and #)

Answer 52

Type IV--Basal cells

Question 53

Site of transition between epidermis and mucous membrane

Answer 53

Mucocutaneous junction

Question 54

What's the layer under epithelium when m. mucosae if absent?

Answer 54

lamina propria-submucosa (grouped)

Question 55

Location of seromucous gland in esophagus? how are dogs different?

Answer 55

in submucosa; all have them in just cranial portion; dogs have them throughout

Question 56

Muscle composition of esophagus in 1) dogs/ruminants 2) cats/horses 3) humans/pigs

Answer 56

1) all skeletal 2) upper 2/3 skeletal; lower 1/3 smooth 3) skeletal upper, mixed middle, lower smooth

Question 57

Which esophagus portions have adventitia? serosa?

Answer 57

cervical portion--adventitia | thoracic and abdominal--serosa

Question 58

Which section of ruminant stomach lack a muscularis mucoase?

Answer 58

Rumen

Question 59

Which section of ruminant stomach has a honeycomb appearance

Answer 59

Reticulum

Question 60

Which section of ruminant stomach has m. mucosae in apex of crests

Answer 60

reticulum

Question 61

What makes up the trilaminar appearance of omasum?

Answer 61

complete m. mucosa with inner circular m. externa between

Question 62

What are the projections in omasum called?

Answer 62

laminae

Question 63

Layers of m. externa in glandular stomach?

Answer 63

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

Question 64

Function of epidermal growth factor on parietal cells

Answer 64

inhibits HCl production

Question 65

Which layer of m. externa can form thickened areas called ______?

Answer 65

outer longitudinal can form taenia coli

Question 66

constriction of taenia coli causes?

Answer 66

haustra coli