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Histology > Histo Test 1 Stuff > Flashcards

Histo Test 1 Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 layers does the enamel organ differentiate into?

A

1) Inner enamel epithelium
2) Stratum intermedium
3) Stellate reticulum
4) Outer enamel epithelium

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2
Q

Which cells produce enamel?

A

Ameloblasts

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3
Q

Which layer induces formation of ameloblasts? From which layer do ameloblasts arise?

A

Induced by stratum intermedium; arise from inner enamel epithelium

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4
Q

What two things does the dental papilla differentiate into?

A

1) pulp cavity

2) Odontoblasts

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5
Q

What do odontoblasts secrete?

A

Dentin

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6
Q

Which cells or layer induces formation of odontoblasts?

A

Ameloblasts

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7
Q

What two main germinal layers are involved in tooth formation?

A

Oral epithelium and mesenchyme

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8
Q

The periodontal ligament anchors what together?

A

the bone of mandible and cementum covering dentin

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9
Q

Two cell types of cementum? Their functions?

A

1) Cementocytes–maintain cementum

2) Cementoblasts–secrete cementum

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10
Q

What makes up a cutaneous mucous membrane

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with supporting DICT

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11
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up the periodontal ligament?

A

collagen-type I

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12
Q

How many sets of capillaries does the portal system cross before reaching hepatic vein?

A

2 (GI capillary and sinusoids of liver)

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13
Q

The breakdown of what molecule creates bilirubin?

A

Hemoglobin

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14
Q

What molecule transports bilirubin to liver?

A

Albumin

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15
Q

What 3 structures are found in the portal area?

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile ducts

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16
Q

Macrophages of the liver

A

Kupffer Cells

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17
Q

Where does the plasma filter to from the sinusoids?

A

Space of disse

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18
Q

What makes bile?

A

Hepatocytes

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19
Q

What are the 3 liver lobule concepts?

A

1) Classic lobule
2) Hepatic acinus
3) Portal Lobule

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20
Q

What germ layer does the pancreas develop from?

A

Endoderm

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21
Q

What constitutes exocrine pancreas?

A

acinus and duct system

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22
Q

What constitutes endocrine pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets

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23
Q

Which cell can be found in the lumen of acinus? What does it make?

A

Centroacinar cell; water and bicarbonate

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24
Q

Cells of pancreatic islets? What they secrete?

A

1) Alpha–glucagon
2) Beta–insulin
3) Delta– somatostatin

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25
Q

What do fat products in SI stimulate secretion of?

A

CCK

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26
Q

Actions of CCK

A

simulates acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes & causes gallbladder contraction

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27
Q

What does acid in proximal SI stimulate secretion of? From what cells?

A

Secretin from “s” cells

28
Q

Actions of secretin

A

stimulates water and bicarb secretion from centroacinar cells and intercalated ducts

29
Q

What does stomach distension cause secretion of?

A

Gastrin

30
Q

3 main classifications of hormones

A

1) Proteins and polypeptides
2) Amino-acid derivatives
3) Steroids and fatty acids

31
Q

Where are peptide hormones stored? how do they circulate?

A

Cytoplasmic granules; unbound

32
Q

What are amino acid hormones synthesized from? How do they ciruculate?

A

Tyrosine; unbound

33
Q

Where are steroid hormones synthesized? Are they stored? How do they circulate?

A

mitochondria and SER; NOT STORED (made when needed; bound to plasma proteins

34
Q

Major DIVISIONS of pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypohysis

35
Q

Subdivisions of Adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

36
Q

Subdivisions of neurohypophysis

A

Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
Median eminence

37
Q

Main nuclei and hormones of neurohypophysis

A

PVN and SON; vasopressin and oxytocin

38
Q

Main cell type of pars nervosa

A

pituicytes

39
Q

What structures in pars nervosa hold oxytocin and ADH

A

herring bodies

40
Q

Main product of follicular cells? Stimulus?

A

T3 and T4; stimulated by TSH

41
Q

Function of parafollicular cells

A

make calcitonin–lowers Ca concentration

42
Q

Main product of colloid

A

Thyroglobulin

43
Q

Major functional cell of parathyroid gland? Function?

A

Cheif cells–secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase blood calcium

44
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex (superficial to deep)

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis (GFR)

45
Q

Zona Glomerulosa: stimulus? Class of hormones it secretes? Example?

A

Angiotensin II, ACTH
Mineralocorticoids
ex: aldosterone

46
Q

Zona fasiculata: stimulus? main cell type? class of hormone it releases? Example.

A

ACTH
Spongiocytes
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol

47
Q

Zona reticularis: stimulus? releases was classes of hormones?

A

ACTH

glucocorticoids and androgens

48
Q

What germ layer gives rise to cortex? Medulla?

A

Cortex: mesoderm
Medulla: ectoderm

49
Q

Cell type of medulla? what do they make and release? Stimulus?

A

Chromaffin cells
Epi and NE
preganglionic splanchnic nerves

50
Q

Tongue papillae are modifications of what layer(s)?

A

mucosa

51
Q

5 types of papillae

A

conical, filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate, vallate

52
Q

Which taste bud cell type can regenerate (name and #)

A

Type IV–Basal cells

53
Q

Site of transition between epidermis and mucous membrane

A

Mucocutaneous junction

54
Q

What’s the layer under epithelium when m. mucosae if absent?

A

lamina propria-submucosa (grouped)

55
Q

Location of seromucous gland in esophagus? how are dogs different?

A

in submucosa; all have them in just cranial portion; dogs have them throughout

56
Q

Muscle composition of esophagus in

1) dogs/ruminants
2) cats/horses
3) humans/pigs

A

1) all skeletal
2) upper 2/3 skeletal; lower 1/3 smooth
3) skeletal upper, mixed middle, lower smooth

57
Q

Which esophagus portions have adventitia? serosa?

A

cervical portion–adventitia

thoracic and abdominal–serosa

58
Q

Which section of ruminant stomach lack a muscularis mucoase?

A

Rumen

59
Q

Which section of ruminant stomach has a honeycomb appearance

A

Reticulum

60
Q

Which section of ruminant stomach has m. mucosae in apex of crests

A

reticulum

61
Q

What makes up the trilaminar appearance of omasum?

A

complete m. mucosa with inner circular m. externa between

62
Q

What are the projections in omasum called?

A

laminae

63
Q

Layers of m. externa in glandular stomach?

A

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

64
Q

Function of epidermal growth factor on parietal cells

A

inhibits HCl production

65
Q

Which layer of m. externa can form thickened areas called ______?

A

outer longitudinal can form taenia coli

66
Q

constriction of taenia coli causes?

A

haustra coli

Histology (13 decks)

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