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T1 > Histo: Plasma Membrane, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histo: Plasma Membrane, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 main components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates (glycocalyx), cholesterol

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2
Q

The phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane has an inner layer called the __ ___ and an outer
layer called ____ _____.

A

P-face, E-face

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3
Q

Define Amphipathic

A

molecule with 2 parts: hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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4
Q

T/F Membrane fluidity is dependent on cholesterol and temperature

A

True

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5
Q

List the 6 integral protein categories:

A

pumps, channels, receptors, linkers, enzymes, structural proteins

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6
Q

Describe Receptor mediated endocytosis in your own words. You must describe how clathrin, adaptor and dynamin proteins work together

A

Process where ligands bind with surface receptors. Clathrin and adaptor proteins attach to binding sites for ligands. Then dynamin proteins cause constricting loops (invagination) of the bound ligands to form coated vesicles.

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7
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

to transcribe mRNA; catalyze the formation of peptide bonds, participates in protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?

A

a membrane bound organelle that ribosomes bind to, during polypeptide synth, participates in protein syth and protein modification

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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)?

A

a membrane bound organelle, participates in protein syth and protein modification. Can store Ca, glycogen and do steroid hormone synth.

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

a membrane bound organelle that participates in ATP syth and aerobic respiration

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11
Q

What is the function of the the golgi apparatus?

A

a membrane bound organelle that participates in protein synth and modification. It gives rise vesicles (secretory, lysosomes)

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12
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

a membrane bound organelle filled with degradative enzymes

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13
Q

What protein are microtubules made out of?

A

globular protein subunits: a-tubulin and b-tubulin

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14
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

hollow tube structure - made of dimers (a+b tubulin) 13 dimers in 1 circle

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15
Q

What is the main function of microtubules?

A

To maintain cell shape.

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16
Q

What structures can microtubules form?

A

cilium and flagellum

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17
Q

What proteins are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin filaments (protein)

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18
Q

What is the overall structure of a microfilament? What are the units and subunits called?

A

a rope like structure; helical, combines two strands. strands are composed individual G-actin ‘beads’; when polymerized in strand known as F-actin

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19
Q

What is the main function of microfilament?

A

they are the cores of microvilli, also play role in cytokinesis

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20
Q

What specific cellular structures do microfilaments support/ form?

A

Microvilli

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21
Q

What are the 6 types of intermediate filaments?

A

Cytokeratin: epithelial origin
Vimentin: mesodermal origin
Desmin: muscle cell origin
Neuro-filament protein: nerve cell origin
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): glial cell origin
Lamin: inner side of nuclear membrane

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22
Q

What are inclusion bodies? What types? What are their structural features?

A

they are accumulated metabolites or other substances ie viral particles, protein aggregates etc.

Types: glycogen, lipid droplets, lipofuscin, melanin

structure: non membrane bound, shape and size vary

23
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

amphipathic: polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tail

24
Q

What are the two types of Integral Proteins?

A

transmembrane and multipass

25
Q

What do peripheral proteins do?

A

bind to phospholipids or integral proteins

26
Q

What is an example of a peripheral protein?

A

Spectrin

27
Q

What is spectrin?

A

peripheral protein that stabilizes the cell membrane of RBC’s

28
Q

What are the three ways to transport through plasma membrane?

A

Passive, active and vesicular transport

29
Q

What is passive transport?

A

simple diffusion (via channel, pump); no energy required. move down electrochem gradient

30
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

primary and secondary: energy required, goes against electrochem gradient via carrier protein

31
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

32
Q

What are the types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis, pinocytocis, receptor mediated endocytosis

33
Q

What is phagocytocis?

A

engulfiing endocytosis: creates phagosome/vacuole

34
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

drinking endocytosis; forms a pinocytotic vesicle containing liquid

35
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

movement of large molecules from inside to outside cell via vesicular transport

36
Q

What does a cell use to execute exocytosis?

A

uses secretory vesicles/ secretory granules

37
Q

What are the 5 types of signal reception?

A

1) endocrine
2) paracrine
3) synaptic
4) autocrine
5) juxtacrine

38
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

hormones are carried in blood to target cells in body

39
Q

what is paracrine signaling?

A

chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid. rapid metabolism, effect is local

40
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A

neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells via synapses

41
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

signals bind receptors on the same cell

42
Q

what is juxtacrine signalling?

A

cell membrane bound proteins signal when making direct physical contact

43
Q

What is the shape of a nucleus?

A

Size and shape vary: spherical, ovoid, elongated, disk, lobulated etc

44
Q

How many nuclei per cell?

A

usually 1
multiple: heptocytes
none: erythrocytes

45
Q

Two main types of nucleus?

A

Leptochromatic and Pachychromatic

46
Q

What are leptochromatic nuclei?

A

Nuclei w/ more open/ available DNA (euchromatin) which is lighter colored

cytoplasm has a lot of rER and Golgi

47
Q

What are pachychromatic nuclei?

A

Nuclei w/ more tightly packed DNA (heterochromatin) which is darker colored

cytoplasm has few organelles

48
Q

What is the nucleus made of and describe each function

A

Nuclear envelope: two layers of

nuclear membrane

nucleolus: synth of rRNA

Chromatin:
- euchromatin (lighter),
- heterochromatin (darker)

49
Q

What is the nuclear envelope

A

Enclosing the nuclear material, and separating it from the cytoplasm

Outer nuclear membrane: It is continuous with the membrane of rER

Inner nuclear membrane

50
Q

What is the space between two nuclear membranes called and its features

A

pernicular space: continuation w/ space inside the rER

51
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

openings in the nuclear envelope that permit passage of molecules bidirectionally

52
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

Dense structure inside the nucleus

Well developed (prominent) in cells with very active protein synthesis

Nucleolus contains:
- DNA (part of chromosomes): genes that encode for the rRNA formation
- rRNA & protein

53
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

site for the synthesis of the rRNA

54
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Consists of double stranded DNA associated with nucleoprotein called HISTONES

Euchromatin:
- Transcriptionally active
- Lightly stained region
- Open/ available DNA

Heterochromatin:
- Transcriptionally inactive
- Location: peripheral, around nucleolus or scattered in nucleoplasm.
- Deeply stained region
- Tightly packed DNA

T1 (5 decks)

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