Gross Anatomy LE Flashcards
What are the posterior leg muscles?
Popliteus
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Flexor hallicus longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Gastrocnemius: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: superior lateral and medial condyles of femur
I: calcaneus via achilles tendon
N: Tibial nerve
V: sural artery
A: platarflexion, flex knee
Fun fact: gastrocs and soleus together reffered to as triceps surae. 20% have sesamoid bone in lateral head called fabella
Soleus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: proximal fibular head and shaft of fibula, proximal posterior shaft of tibia
I: calcaneus via achilles tendon
N: Tibial nerve
V: popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery
A: platarflexion
Fun Fact: muscle involved in compartment syndrome
Plantaris: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Lower border of supracondylar ridge
I: posterior calcaneus
A: flexion of knee, assists in plantar flexion
N: Tibial nerve
V: Sural artery
Fun fact: only 90% of pop has this muscle
Popliteus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: lateral femoral (epi)condyle
I: posterior proximal medial tibial shaft
A: flexes knee, medially rotates tibia; “unlock” an extended knee
N: Tibial nerve
V: Popliteal artery
Tibialis posterior: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia, proximal 2/3 of medial shaft of fibula
I: Inferior navicular, slips to inferior surfaces of cuboid, cuneiform III, metatarsals 2-4
A: plantarflexion, inversion of ankle/foot
N: Tibial nerve
V: posterior tibial artery
Flexor digitorum longus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: posterior surface of shaft of tibia
I: plantar surface of distal phalanges 2-5
A: flexion of digits, inversion of ankle/foot
N: Tibial nerve
V: Posterior tibial a
Flexor hallicus longus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Inferior 2/3 of posterior fibula and
interosseous membrane
I: inferior surface of distal phalanx I (Hallux/ great toe)
A: flexion of great toe (hallux),
plantarflexion
N: Tibial nerve,
V: superficial fibular artery
Arteries of posterior leg
Popliteal: from adductor hiatus until genicular branch
Genicular: until anterior/posterior tibial bifurcation
Anterior tibial:
Runs with deep fibular nerve (front compartment of leg)
Posterior tibial:
runs with tibial nerve (back compartment of leg)
Fibular: lateral bifurcation of posterior tibial artery
List the muscles of the posterior thigh
Biceps Femoris (long and short head)
Semitendonosis
Semimembranousus
Biceps Femoris: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: LH: Ischial tuberosity
SH: Distal ½ linea aspera
I: head of fibula
A: flexion of knee, lateral (external) rotation of tibia (knee) when knee is flexed); LH: extension of hip
N:
LH: Sciatic nerve- tibial division
SH: Sciatic nerve- common fibular
nerve/ division
V: Deep femoral artery
Fun fact: all hamstrings contribute to PPT along with glute max and ham head of add magnus
Semiteninosus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal anterior medial tibial shaft (at pes anserine)
A: flexion of knee, medial (internal) rotation of tibia (knee) when knee is flexed)
N:Sciatic Nerve- tibial division/nerve
V: Deep femoral
Fun fact: Inserts at the pes anserine w/ gracilis and semitendinosis
Semimembranosus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: ischial tuberosity
I: posterior medial tibial condyle, posterior medial meniscus
A: flexion of knee, extension of hip, medial rotation of flexed knee Medially rotates an extended femur
N: Sciatic Nerve- tibial division/nerve
V: Deep femoral
Posterior Thigh: arteries
Popliteal artery:
emerges from the adductor hiatus until it bifurcates in popliteal space as anterior and posterior tibial arteries
Posterior Thigh: Nerves
Sciatic Nerve:
In popliteal space or superior to popliteal space, the sciatic nerve splits into the Tibial Nerve and Common Fibular nerve
Tibial div:
after popliteal space
Common Fibular div:
lateral side after bifurcation of sciatic
Inferior Gluteal: emerges from inferior to sciatic nerve
Fibularis Longus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: IOM, posterior surface of tibia, head and proximal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
I: Base of 1st metatarsal, cuneiform I
A: plantarflexion, eversion
N: Superficial fibular (peroneal) n
V: Fibular artery
Fibularis Brevis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Lateral distal 2/3 of fibula
I: Lateral base of 5th metatarsal
A: plantar flexion, eversion
N: Superficial fibular nerve
V: Fibular artery
What are the muscles in the lateral leg?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
What are the muscles in the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor Fascia Lata
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Obterator externus
Obterator internus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris
Gluteus maximus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Posterior gluteal line, posterior inferior surface of sacrum, lateral coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, gluteal aponeurosis
I:
Lower fibers: gluteal tuberosity
Upper fibers: iliotibial tract, then lateral condyle of tibia via IT band
A: abduct, extends, laterally rotates hip
N: Inferior gluteal n
V: Inferior and superior gluteal aa
Gluteus medius: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Gluteal surface of ilium, from iliac crest to posterior gluteal line and anterior (middle) gluteal line and gluteal aponeurosis
I: (lateral surface of) greater trochanter
A: abducts femur, stabilizes hip
Anterior fibers: internal rotation and flexion of thigh/hip
Posterior fibers: external rotation and extension of thigh/hip
N: Superior gluteal n
V: Inferior and superior gluteal aa
Gluteus minimus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: External ilium between middle and inferior gluteal lines
I: anterior greater trochanter
A: abduct, medially rotate thigh (anterior fibers). Keeps pelvis level during ipsilateral weight bearing. Posterior fibers: external
rotation
N: Superior gluteal n
V: Superior gluteal a
Tensor Fascia Latae: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Anterior iliac crest, ASIS
I: IT band to lateral proximal anterior tibial shaft (at Gerdy’s tubercle)
A: abduction and medial rotation of hip, pelvic leveling when ipsilateral leg is weight bearing, probably flexes hip during swing phase of gait
N: Superior Gluteal n
V: lateral femoral circumflex and superior gluteal a
Piriformis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Pelvic surface of sacrum
I: Greater trochanter
N: N to piriformis (Sacral plexus)
A: laterally rotate the hip
joint
Quadratus femoris: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: ischial tuberosity
I: Quadrate line
N: N to QF (Sacral plexus)
A: laterally rotate the hip
joint
Obterator internus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Internal or pelvic surface of obturator membrane and margin of obturator foramen
I: Greater trochanter
N: N to OI (Sacral plexus)
A: laterally rotate the hip
joint
Obterator externus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Rami of pubis and ischium and external surface of obturator membrane
I: Greater trochanter of femur.
N: Posterior branch of Obturator
A: laterally rotate the hip
joint
Gemellus superior: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Spine of ischium
I: Greater trochanter
N: N to OI (Sacral plexus)
A: laterally rotate the hip
joint
Gemellus inferior: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: ischial tuberosity
I: Greater trochanter
N: N to QF (Sacral plexus)
A: laterally rotate the hip
joint
What are the muscles of the anterior thigh?
Psoas
Iliacus
Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris
Sartorious
Vastus medialus
Vastus intermedius
Pectineus
Sartorius: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: ASIS
I: Proximal medial anterior tibial shaft (at pes anserine)
A: Flexes , abducts, externally rotates hip. Flexes knees. Contributes to medial rotation of knee when flexed
N: Femoral n
V: profunda femoris a
Rectus femoris: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: AIIS and superior acetabulum
I: tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon and patellar ligament)
A: flexes hip, extends knee
N: Femoral n
V: Lateral femoral circumflex a
Fun fact: only quad muscle that crosses hip and knee
Vastus lateralis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: greater trochanter, upper lateral lip of linea aspera (on posterior femur)
I: Tibial tuberosity
A: extend knee
N: Femoral n
V: Lateral femoral circumflex
Vastus medialis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera
I: tibial tuberosity
A: extend knee
N: Femoral n
V: Femoral, profunda femoris, medial superior genicular aa
Vastus intermedius: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: proximal 2/3 of anterior and lateral shaft of femur
I: tibial tuberosity
A: extend knee
N: Femoral n
V: Lateral femoral circumflex a
Iliopsoas: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O:
Psoas major: T12 vertebral body, L1 L5 IVD and transverse processes
Iliacus: iliac crest, iliac fossa, anterior SI ligaments
I: lesser trochanter
A: flex hip, *most likely externally rotates when hip is flexed
N:
Psoas major: Femoral n/ L1-L3, (L4) anterior rami
Iliacus: Femoral n
V: iliolumbar a
Pectineus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: superior ramus of pubis
I: pectineal line of femur- inferior to lesser trochanter
A: adduct, flex thigh. Assist medial rotation of thigh
N: Femoral n (2/3 of time) Obturator (1/3 of time)… possible dual innervation
V: Medial femoral circumflex
What are the muscles of the medial thigh compartment?
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: inferior pubic symphysis, body and inferior ramus of pubis
I: medial proximal anterior tibial shaft (via pes anserine tendon)
A: adduct and flex thigh, assists in medial rotation of leg, *probably medially rotates flexed knee
N: obturator
V: Obturator a
Adductor Longus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: anterior pubis, pubic crest, pubic
symphysis
I: linea aspera between vastus medialis and adductor magnus (middle 3rd of femur)
A: adduct, medially rotate thigh
N: Obturator n.
V: Deep femoral a (profunda femoris)
Adductor Brevis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Body and inferior ramus of pubis
I: pectineal line, proximal linea aspera
A: adduct some flexion of thigh,
*possibly medial rotation of thigh
N: Obturator n.
V: Profunda femoris a
Adductor Magnus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O:
Adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis and ramus of ischium
Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity
I:
Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
Hamstring part: adductor tubercle
A: both heads adduct thigh, also…
Adductor part: flex thigh
Hamstring part: extend thigh
N:
Adductor part: Obturator nerve
Hamstring part: Sciatic nerve- tibial division/nerve
V: profunda femoris a
What are the nerves on the anterior thigh and leg?
Femoral Nerve
- innervates anterior thigh compartment
Obturator
- Medial compartment of thigh
Deep fibular
- emerges from posterior leg: innervates anterior leg
- runs with Anterior tibial artery
What are the arteries on the anterior thigh and leg?
Femoral
Deep femoral: deep to femoral and distal on anterior thigh
Lateral femoral circumflex
Medial femoral circumflex
Obturator: medial compartment of thigh
What are the muscles of the anterior leg?
Tibialis anterior
exentsor digitorum longus
extensor hallicus longus
fibularis tertius
What are the muscles of the abdomen?
Rectus abominus
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominus
Tibialis Anterior: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: lateral condyle, superior half of lateral tibia and IOM
I: Inferior base of 1st metatarsal, medial and inferior medial cuneiform
A: Dorsiflexion, inversion of ankle
N: Deep fibular
V: Anterior tibial a
Extensor Digitorum longus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Lateral condyle of tibia, superior ¾ of fibula, IOM
I: middle& distal phalanges of digits 2-5
A: dorsiflexion, extension of digits 2-5
N: Deep fibular (peroneal) n
V: Anterior tibial a
Extensor Hallicus longus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Middle anterior fibula, IOM
I: dorsal base of distal phalanx I
A: Extension of phalanx I (great toe),
dorsiflexion
N: Deep fibular n
V: anterior tibial a
Extensor Hallicus longus: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: inferior 1/3 of anterior fibula, IOM
I: base of 5th metatarsal
A: dorsiflexion, aids in eversion
N: Deep fibular n
V: Anterior tibial a
Rectus abdominis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: pubic crest, symphysis, tubercle
I: Pubis, ribs 5-7, xiphoid process
A: Flexion of trunk, compress viscera, tense abdominal wall
N: T7-12
V: Inferior epigastric a
External Oblique: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: sternum, external inferior surfaces of ribs 5-12
I: Pubis, linea alba via aponeurosis, iliac crest
A:
Bilateral: flexion of trunk, compression of abdomen
Unilateral: lateral flexion to same side, rotation to opposite side
N: lower intercostal nn, iliohypogastric and ilioinginal n,
V: intercostal, subcostal, deep circumflex iliac aa
Internal Oblique: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: Lateral half of inguinal ligament, middle lip of iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
I: pubis, inferior border of ribs 9-12, linea alba, aponeurosis fuses with external oblique to form rectus sheath
A:
Bilaterally: flexes trunk
Unilaterally: laterally flexes, rotates trunk to same side
N: T8-L1, Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nn
V: Intercostal and subcostal aa
Transverse abdominis: origin, insertion, innervation, vasculature, action
O: lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament, inner lip of iliac crest, inner surface of costal cartilages 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia,
I: linea alba, pubis
A: compresses viscera, tenses abdominal wall
N: T7-L1, Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nn
V: subcostal aa
What comprises the lumbar plexus?
T12, L1-L4
Anterior division:
- obturator L2-L4
Posterior division”
- femoral L2-L4
What comprises the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
Sciatic N L4-S3
Anterior division:
- tibial N (L4-S3)
- N to OI and SG (S1-S2)
- N to QF and IG (L4-S1)
- Pudendal (S2-S4)
Posterior Division:
- superior gluteal (L4-S1)
- inferior gluteal (L5-S2)
- posterior cutaneous femoral (S1-S3)
- N to piriformis (S1-S2)
- common fibular (L4-S2)
