Histo MedGems Flashcards
First line chemo drug for treating prostate cancer
Docetaxel
What condition is the presence of waxy casts in urine associated with?
Chronic kidney disease
What is the preferred surgical option for treating prostate cancer?
Radical prostatectomy
“Thickened basement membrane with spike and dome appearance due to electron dense deposits in the subepithelial layer”
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Other than zinc, what is the first line pharmacological treatment for Wilson’s disease?
Trientine
His past medical history includes an anterior STEMI 4 months ago.
The ECG shows ST elevation in leads V2, V3, V4 and V5. He denies chest pain, breathlessness or any other symptoms.
Ventricular aneurysm
Expression of what receptor may confer a good prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma?
Oestrogen
What is the most common type of lung cancer in the UK?
Adenocarcinoma
A liver biopsy from a patient with chronic hepatitis B shows areas of fibrosis and hepatocyte necrosis. There are visible nodules of regenerating hepatocytes.
Cirrhosis
Incidence of cancers in men
Prostate (most common in men)
Lung
Bowel
Head and Neck
Other
Incidence of cancers in women
Breast (most common cancer overall)
Lung
Bowel
Uterus
Other
Cancers causing death in men
Lung (most deadly)
Prostate
Bowel
Oesophagus
Other
Cancers causing death in women
Lung (most deadly)
Breast
Bowel
Cancer of unknown primary
Other
Infective endocarditis mitral
Regurg
Rheumatic fever mitral
Stenosis
Which neuroendocrine tumour is associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
Gastrinoma
Gastrin secreting hyperplasia of the islet cells (recurrent stomach ulcers)
Which common medication are hepatic adenomas associated with?
Oral contraceptive pill
What is the commonest cause of chronic renal failure in the UK?
Diabetes
Struvite stones?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
Associated with proteus mirabilis infection
What histological type of bladder cancer is most common?
Transitional cell carcinoma
In which form of inflammatory bowel disease may non-caseating granulomas be seen on biopsy?
Crohn’s
A 70 year old man presents to his GP reporting dysuria and increased urinary frequency.
He is given 7 days of oral nitrofurantoin by his GP. He denies any weight loss, loss of appetite or other symptoms.
At the same appointment, he has his annual routine yearly bloods taken.
His Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is raised at 3x the upper limit of normal.
The GP performs a DRE which is normal.
What is the most appropriate action regarding his elevated PSA?
Repeat in 2 weeks
What condition is the presence of fatty casts in urine associated with?
Nephrotic syndrome
In the emergency department what imaging is required in the initial workup of a suspected stroke?
CT head non contrast
What histopathological description is given to cells that have lost their intercellular connections between neighbouring cells?
An example could be the loss of desmosomal connections in pemphigus vulgaris.
Acantholysis
What monoclonal antibody therapy targets human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and is used in the treatment of breast cancer?
Trastuzumab
What protein is defective in adult polycystic kidney disease?
Polycystin-1
What tumour marker is most commonly used in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer?
Carcinoembryonic antigen
What is the most common histochemical stain used to visualise cells for light microscopy, such as that used for diagnosis of cancers?
Haematoxylin and eosin
Expression of what cell surface receptor may confer a bad prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma?
HER2
A GFR of less than what value is considered reflecting End Stage Renal Failure in chronic kidney disesease?
<15
What sign, which may be visible around the nails, is seen in Graves’ disease and is due to periosteal bone growth in the nail bed?
Thyroid acropachy
