Histo Exam 2-membranes and fascia study guide

Question 1

What are membranes?

Answer 1

layers of simple squamous epithelium with an underlying layer of supportive loose connective tissue

Question 2

What are the 3 main types of membranes?

Answer 2

serous, mucous, or cutaneous

Question 3

What are the functions of membranes?

Answer 3

protection, lubrication, compartmentalization of organs

Question 4

Where are serous membranes typically found?

Answer 4

line body cavities

Question 5

What is mesothelium?

Answer 5

simple squamous epithelium making up the serous membranes of the body

Question 6

What are examples of serous membranes?

Answer 6

peritoneum and mesentery, pleura, pericardium

Question 7

What are the 2 separate layers of serous membranes?

Answer 7

parietal and visceral

Question 8

What is visceral serous membranes?

Answer 8

directly contacts organs

Question 9

What is visceral pleura?

Answer 9

serous membranes encasing the surface of the lungs

Question 10

What is parietal pleura?

Answer 10

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Question 11

What is serous fluid?

Answer 11

small amount of thin film that provides lubrication during respiratory movements

Question 12

What is a pleural effusion?

Answer 12

fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity that presses on the lungs and restricts respiratory movements and pulmonary circulation

Question 13

What is a hydrothorax?

Answer 13

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from congestive heart failure or end-stage liver disease

Question 14

What is a hemothorax?

Answer 14

blood within the pleural cavity

Question 15

What is a chylothorax?

Answer 15

accumulation of lymph fluid ususally a result from rupture of thoracic duct

Question 16

What is a pyothorax?

Answer 16

pus resulting from a local infection in the pleural cavity

Question 17

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 17

air in the pleural cavity

Question 18

What is pleurisy?

Answer 18

inflammation of the pleural membranes

Question 19

What are symptoms of pleurisy?

Answer 19

sharp pains upon inhalation and coughing

Question 20

Where does pain from pleurisy originate?

Answer 20

from parietal pleura which is innervated by intercostal nerves

Question 21

What are causes of pleurisy?

Answer 21

infection, cancer, chest, trauma, pulmonary embolus, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus

Question 22

What type of membrane encloses the heart?

Answer 22

pericardial membranes

Question 23

What are the two layers of the pericardial membrane?

Answer 23

outer parietal layer and the inner visceral layer

Question 24

What is the outer serous membrane of the heart?

Answer 24

pericardium

Question 25

What is the pericardium made of?

Answer 25

fibrous pericardium plus parietal serous layrs

Question 26

What is the inner layer of the heart serous membrane

Answer 26

epicardium or visceral pericardium

Question 27

What is the epicarium comprised of?

Answer 27

layer of simple squamous epithelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue that rests upon the myocardium

Question 28

What does the epicardium have that is so important?

Answer 28

coronary vessels that supply the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients

Question 29

What provides lubrication during heart contraction?

Answer 29

pericardial fluid

Question 30

Where is the endocardium located?

Answer 30

lines the inner chambers of the heart

Question 31

What does the endocardium consist of?

Answer 31

single layer of squamous endothelial cells on a thin layer of loose CT

Question 32

What does the subendocardial layer contain?

Answer 32

nerves, veins, and purkinje fibers

Question 33

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 33

abnormal amount and or abnormal composition of pericardial fluid

Question 34

What causes a pericardial effusion?

Answer 34

usually secondary to cardiac injury or infection

Question 35

Why type of fluid can be seen on a pericardial effusion?

Answer 35

serous, serosanguinous, hemorrhagic, or chylous

Question 36

What can happen with pericardial effusion?

Answer 36

can cause increased intrapericaridal pressure

Question 37

What can happen with an acute and rapid effusion?

Answer 37

cardiac tamponade resulting in reduced ventricular filling and reduced cardiac output

Question 38

What is fibrinous pericarditis?

Answer 38

inflammation of the pericardial membranes

Question 39

What are common causes of fibrinous pericarditis?

Answer 39

infection, cancer, kidney failure, rheumatic fever, TB, heart attack, chest trauma

Question 40

What are peritoneal membranes?

Answer 40

thin membranes that line the abdominal and pelvic cavities and cover most abdominal viscera

Question 41

What is mesentery?

Answer 41

refers to the fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that suspends the intestines

Question 42

What is the purpose of mesentery?

Answer 42

serves as a conduit for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels going to and from the abdominal organs

Question 43

What is mesothelioma?

Answer 43

malignant cancer that arises from mesothelium

Question 44

Where are the most common sites for mesothelioma?

Answer 44

most common site is pleura but can be seen in peritoneum, pericardium, ad tunica vaginalis of the testes

Question 45

What is the cause of mesothelioma?

Answer 45

commonly caused by exposure to asbestos

Question 46

What are the pathological features of mesothelioma?

Answer 46

spindle or rounded cells forming gland-like configurations within the serous membrane

Question 47

What is fascia?

Answer 47

dense regular and irregular connective tissue

Question 48

What does fascia consist of?

Answer 48

consists of collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, mast cells, small blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Question 49

What is the purpose of fascia?

Answer 49

surrounds and encases all muscles and organs, asssisting in the packaging, connecting, and protecting of bodily strucutres

Question 50

What are characteristics of fascia?

Answer 50

thin, fibrous, and strong