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Histology Fall 2014 > Histo Exam 2-Heart study guide > Flashcards

Histo Exam 2-Heart study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bulk of the heart muscle?

A

myocardium

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2
Q

What is the layer that lines the chambers of the heart?

A

endocardium

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3
Q

What are the outermost layers of the heart?

A

pericardium

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4
Q

What is direectly attached to the surface of the myocardium?

A

epicardium

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5
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium with a thin continuous basal lamina

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6
Q

Where is this endothelium found?

A

contacts blood within the chambers of the heart

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7
Q

What is subendothelium?

A

loose connective tissue layer with abundant elastic fibers and some smooth muscle bundles

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8
Q

What is subendothelium comparable to?

A

lamina propia

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9
Q

What is subendocardium?

A

layer of loose connective tissue

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10
Q

What does the subendocardium contain?

A

small vessels, nerves, bundle branches and purkinje fibers

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11
Q

Where is the subendocardium found?

A

connected to myocardium

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12
Q

Why is there collagen and elastin in the endocardium?

A

lots of collagen and elastin to allow for expansion and contraction of heart, allows for flexibility

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13
Q

Why are there smooth muscle bundles in the endocardium?

A

smooth muscle helps endocardium contract back to normal size

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14
Q

What does the myocardium consist of?

A

consists of cardiac muscle fibers, part of the cardiac skeleton, and the impulse-conduction system of the heart

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15
Q

What surrounds each cardiac muscle cell?

A

surrounded by endomysium

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16
Q

What are groups of cardiac cells surrounded by?

A

perimysium

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17
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

striated, branched, single central round nucleus, intercalated disks

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18
Q

What are intercalated disks?

A

gap junctions and fascia adherens

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19
Q

What do you look for in cross sections of cardiac muscle?

A

look for central nuclei and bundled myofilaments

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20
Q

What is atrial cardiac muscle made of?

A

overlapping network of woven fibers with collagen and elastin interspersed

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21
Q

What do atrial cardiac cells synthesize?

A

the hormone atrial natriuretic factor

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22
Q

Atrial cardiac muscle conducts impulses_________ and contract ________rhythmically than ventricular cardiac muscle cells.

A

faster, more

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23
Q

Does atrial have more or less gap junctions than ventricular cardiac muscle cells?

A

more gap junctions

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the endocardium and myocardium in atrial cardiac muscle?

A

thicker endocardium and thinner myocardium

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25
Q

Specifically where is more ANF synthesized?

A

in the right atrium

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26
Q

What is the purpose of ANF?

A

targets the kidneys and stimulates sodium and water loss and reduces blood pressure

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27
Q

What is a characteristic of ventricular cardiac muscle?

A

thicker myocardium than atria, larger less granular cardiac myosites, less elastic fibers

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28
Q

How are cells positioned in ventricular cardiac muscle?

A

helically around the cavity

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29
Q

Why are ventricular cardiac cells winding helically around the cavity?

A

to aid in “wringing out” the heart during contraction

30
Q

What is another name for epicardium?

A

visceral pericardium

31
Q

What is epicardium made of?

A

outer single smooth layer of squamous mesothelial cells with thin basal lamina

32
Q

What is the subepicardial laer made of?

A

loose connective tissue binds epicardium to myocardium

33
Q

What is also found in the epicardium?

A

contains variable amounts of adipose, within which coronary vessels are embedded

34
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

dense connective tissue scaffolding into which cardiac muscle fibers insert and from which cardiac valves extend

35
Q

What is the annuli fibrosae?

A

dense connective tissue rings that surround and reinforce valve openings

36
Q

What is trigona fibrosae?

A

two triangular dense CT masses lying between the two groups of annuli fibrosae

37
Q

What is the septum membranaceum?

A

dense fibrous plate forming the top of the muscular interventricular septum

38
Q

What can happen to the cardiac skelton with age?

A

it may calcify

39
Q

All four rings of this are associated with the 4 major heart valves?

A

annuli fibrosae

40
Q

What are cardiac valves?

A

folds of endocardium enclosing a core of dense fibrous CT

41
Q

What are the cardiac valves rich in?

A

rich in collagen and elastin

42
Q

The bases of cardiac valves are anchored to?

A

stong fibrous rings of the annuli fibrosae

43
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

between the left atrium and left ventricle

44
Q

What is another name for mitral valve?

A

bicuspid

45
Q

What are the characteristics of the bicuspid valve?

A

has 2 cusps or flaps

46
Q

What are the flaps anchored to?

A

papillary muscles

47
Q

What holds the flaps to the papillary muscle?

A

chordae tendinae

48
Q

What does the chordae tendinae insert into?

A

a fibrous cap in the myocardium

49
Q

Where is the AV valve located?

A

located between the right atrium and ventricle

50
Q

What is another name for AV valve?

A

tricuspid valve

51
Q

How many flaps are on the tricuspid valvee?

A

3 cusps or flaps

52
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve

53
Q

How many cusps are on the seminlunar valves?

A

3 cusps or flaps

54
Q

What is unique to the semilunar valves?

A

no chordae tendinae and each cusp has a thickened nodule at the center of its free edge

55
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of the aortic cusp?

A

fibrosa, spongiosum, ventricularis

56
Q

What is the fibrosa?

A

densely packed collagen

57
Q

What is spongiosum?

A

proteoglycan and GAG matric with loosely arranged collagen

58
Q

What is ventricularis?

A

abundant elastic fibers

59
Q

What does the conduction system of the heart consist of?

A

consists of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are able to initiate and conduct electrochemical impulses

60
Q

What does the conduction system include?

A

the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His(av bundle), bundle branches and purkinje fibers

61
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

conducting myofibrs

62
Q

What is the SA node?

A

small mass of specialized cells found in the right atrium’s median wall adjacent to the opening of the superior vena cava within the terminal groove

63
Q

Why do SA node cells serve as the pacemaker?

A

they have the fasted intrinsic rythym of contraction

64
Q

What is the rate of contraction influenced by?

A

autonomic input

65
Q

What are characteristics of cells of the conducting system?

A

large, pale cells, rich in glycogen with sparse myofibrils

66
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

specialized impulse conducting cells

67
Q

Where are purkinje fibers found?

A

in the subendocardium and myocardium

68
Q

How do you differentiate purkinje fibers from typical cardiac myocytes?

A

larger and paler, with 1-2 central nuclei, intercalated disks and sparse myofilaments

69
Q

What will be seen histologically with an acute myocardial infarction?

A

leukocytes and eosinophilic necrotic cardiac myocytes

70
Q

What is seen histologically with older myocaridial infarcts?

A

dense connective tissue scar

Histology Fall 2014 (4 decks)

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