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Block 3 Week 2 Dani > Histo Digestive Glands > Flashcards

Histo Digestive Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the exocrine pancreas?

A

pancreatic acinar cells and centroacinar cells

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2
Q

What do pancreatic acinar cells do?

A

produce, store, release digestive enzymes
produce trypsin inhibitor
release of enzymes effected by hormones and parasympathetic innervation

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3
Q

What protects the cell from intracellular activation of trypsin?

A

trypsin inhibitor (secreted by acinar cells)

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4
Q

What are modified intercalated duct cells?

A

centroacinar cells

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5
Q

What are located within the acinus?

A

centroacinar cells

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6
Q

What do centroacinar cells produce?

A

bicarb (rich buffer, adjusts acidic chyme to optimal pH for major pancreatic enzymes)

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7
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, only (blank) are present

A

serous acini

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8
Q

A unique feature of the pancreatic acinus is the presence of (blank)

A

squamos-to-cuboidal epithelial centroacinar cells

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9
Q

(blank) are in contact with the acinar lumen, and the apical domain of the serous acinar cells in continuity with the intercalated duct.

A

centroacinar cells

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10
Q

centroacinar cells are in contact with the acinar lumen, and the apical domain of the serous acinar cells is in continuity with the (blank)

A

intercalated duct

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11
Q

Striated ducts and myoepithelial cells are (blank) in the exocrine pancreas

A

not present

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12
Q

parietal cells have intracellular (blank) for protection

A

canliculi

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13
Q

Where are all the pancreatic enzymes located?

A

in zymogen granules

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14
Q

What are the groupings of cells found in the endocrine pancreas?

A

islets of langerhans (scattered among the exocrine secretory acini)

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15
Q

What are the principal cell types in the pancreatic islets?

A 
alpha cells (glucagon)
beta cells (insulin)
delta cells (somatostatin)
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16
Q

What do the alpha cells of the pancreatic islet secrete?

A

glucagon

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17
Q

What do the beta cells of the pancreatic islet secrete?

A

insulin

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18
Q

What do the delta cells of the pancreatic islet secrete?

A

somatostatin

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19
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in the endocrine pancreas?

A

beta cells

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20
Q

What are the three minor cell types found in the pancreatic islet?

A

PP cell (F cell)
D 1 cell
EC cell

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21
Q

What stimulate gastric chief cells, inhibits bile secretion and intestinal motility, inhibits pancreatic enzymes and HCO3- secretion?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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22
Q

What secretes pancreatic polypeptide?

A

PP cell (F cell)

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23
Q

What secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)?

A

D-1 cell

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24
Q

Where are D1 cells also found other than the pancreatic islets?

A

in exocrine acini and duct epithelium

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25
Q

What acts similiarly to glucagon and also affects secretory activity and motility in gut; simulates pancreatic exocrine secretion?

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

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26
Q

What secretes; secretin, motilin, and substance P?

A

EC cells

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27
Q

What acts locally to stimulate HCO3 secretion in pancreatic juice and pancreatic enzyme secretion?

A

secretin

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28
Q

What increases gastric and intestinal motility?

A

motilin

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29
Q

What has neurotransmitter properties and is secreted by EC cell?

A

substance P

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30
Q

Where else can you find EC cells other than in pancreatic islet?

A

in exocrine acini and duct epithelium

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31
Q

What do all the endocrine pancreatic cells have in common?

A

they stimulate pancreatic exocrine secretion

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32
Q

Which of the principle endocrine pancreas cells are the biggest?

A

alpha cells

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33
Q

Are there reticular fibers in an islet of langerhans?

A

yes!

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34
Q

Inactive proenzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplastic reticulum of the (blank).

A

pancreatic acinar cells

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35
Q

Inactive proenzymes are transferred from rough ER to Golgi where they are concentrated in (blank)

A

vesicles (zymogen granules)

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36
Q

The secretion of pancreatic enzymes is controlled by what 2 things? )

A 
peptides secreted by enteroendocrine cells (in duodenum)
peptide hormones (made in endocrine pancreas; islet of langerhans)
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37
Q

What is the dual blood supply to the pancreatic acinar cell?

A

acinar and insuloacinar vascular systems

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38
Q

Each islet of Langerhans is supplied by afferent arterioles forming a network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelial cells. This network is called the (Blank)

A

insuloacinar portal system

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39
Q

How does the insuloacinar portal system supply the pancreatic acinar cells?

A

This is a network of capillaries that provides blood to the endocrine pancrease (islet) and then feeds down into the exocrine pancrease (acinus). It is through this that the endocrine pancreas can have a metabolic effect on the exocrine pancreas

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40
Q

What is the acinar vascular system?

A

an independent arterial system that supplies the pancreatic acini

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41
Q

How does the pancreatic acinus prevent leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the intercellular space?

A

apical tight junctions

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42
Q

What kind of an organ is the liver; exocrine or endocrine?

A

BOTH :)

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43
Q

What detoxifies toxins and drugs?

A

liver

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44
Q

Does the liver have a lot of connective tissue?

A

no

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45
Q

What makes up the liver?

A

plates of hepatocytes

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46
Q

What is the duel blood supply to the liver?

A

hepatic arteries

portal vein

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47
Q

Blood leaves the liver via (blank)

A

hepatic veins

48
Q

Bile flows (blank) to blood flow

A

countercurrent

49
Q

WHere does bile flow into?

A

the hepatic duct

50
Q

What are hexagon-shaped classic lobules?

A

human hepatocytes

51
Q

(blank) is where three classic lobules join each other.

A

portal area

52
Q

What is within a portal area?

A

hepatic artery
portal vein
interlobular bile duct
lymphatic vessels

53
Q

Each lobule has a central (blank) which drains blood from every sinusoid of that lobule

A

vein

54
Q

Where do the central veins of each hepatic lobule flow into?

A

flows to sublobular vein into hepatic vein

55
Q

What are the three basic concepts of lobules?

A

classic liver lobule
portal lobule
liver acinus

56
Q

What is the classic liver lobule?

A

blood flows from the periphery to central vein
bile enters bile canaliculi and flows from the center to periphery
(contains a central venule and components of the portal triad at the angles)

57
Q

What is a portal lobule?

A

triangular region whose center is the portal area, emphasizes the exocrine functions of the liver.

58
Q

What is the liver acinus?

A

the three zones surrounding a distrubuting artery in the center (based on blood flow)

59
Q

What zone of the liver acinus is this:

closest to central vein, most oxygen poor of the three zones and has role in detoxification?

A

Zone 3

60
Q

What zone of the liver acinus is this:

richest in oxyen. Hepatocytes synthesize actively glycogen and plasma proteins.

A

Zone 1

61
Q

(blank) are susceptible to damage caused by hypoxia

A

hepatocytes

62
Q

A (blank) includes portions of those lobules whose bile canaliculi drain into the same bile duct. THe boundaries of this are the central veins of three classic lobules. The center of this is the bile duct collecting the bile from all canaliculi.

A

portal lobule

63
Q

The direction of arterial flow determines a metabolic gradient from the periportal space near the portal triad or zone (blank) to the zone of drainage or zone (blank)

A

1

3

64
Q

The (blank) is the structural unit that provides the best correlation between blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology.

A

liver acinus

65
Q

What zone is first to receive 02, nutrients, toxins?

A

Zone 1

66
Q

What zone is first to show ischemic necrosis as in cardiac cirrhosis?

A

zone 3

67
Q

What zone is first to show signs of morpholoical changes after bile duct occlusion?

A

ZOne 1

68
Q

What zone is the last to die in ischemia and first to regenerate?

A

zone 1

69
Q

What zone is first to show fat accumulation, and centrolobular necrosis due to hypoxia in CHF?

A

Zone 3

70
Q

centrilobular necrosis due to hypoxia is referred as (blank)

A

cardiac cirrhosis

71
Q

(Blank) each zone is different

A

metabolically

72
Q

Which zone has the most oxygen, extrahepatic hormones, key glucose liberating enzymes, key fatty-acid oxidation enzymes?

A

Zone 1

73
Q

Which zone has the most key glycolysis enzymes, and key fatty acid synthesizing enzymes?

A

zone 3

74
Q

Describe the organelles within the hepatocyte

A 
abundance of:
free ribosomes
Rough ER, 
golgi apparatus
mito
lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes
75
Q

Where are several sets of large golgi located in hepatocytes?

A

bile canalicli

76
Q

Where is the highest concentration of SER?

A

zone 3

77
Q

What increase in the presence of drugs and toxins?

A

SER

78
Q

What is the site of detoxification usually inactivated by methylation, conjugation or oxidation?

A

SER

79
Q

Where does detoxification sometimes occur other than SER?

A

peroxisomes

80
Q

the (blank) in hepatocytes is involved in the synthesis of plasma proteins; albumin, coaglation factors, and binding proteins for hormones and growth factors in blood circulation

A

RER

81
Q

THe (Blank) in hepatocytes is developed and is always associated with clusters of glycogen molecules forming rosette-like inclusions. Stored glycogen in hepatocytes represents a glucose reserve for the maintenance of sugar concentrations in blood.

A

SER

82
Q

What will you find in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?

A

glycogen

83
Q

(blank),a major product of hepatocytes,maintains plasma oncotic pressure. A decrease of this in a liver disease causes edema and ascites.

A

Albumin

84
Q

(blank) is associated with liver failure

A

bleeding

85
Q

What are the two domains of hepatocytes?

A

lateral and sinusoidal

86
Q

What is the lateral (apical) domain covered with and separated by?

A

microvilli

intercellular spaces that form bile canaliculi

87
Q

The sinusoidal (basolateral) domain have microvilli that project into the (blank)

A

space of disse

88
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

increase surface area by factor of 6

facilitate exchange b/w hepatocyte and space of disse

89
Q

What are the major functions of hepatocytes?

A

produce plasma proteins
store and convert several vitamins and iron
involved in metabolic pathways
degrades drugs and toxins
bile production (exocrine function)
modify structures and function of many hormones (endocrine-like)

90
Q

What type of plasma proteins do hepatocytes produce?

A

albumin
lipoproteins (VLDLs)
glycoproteins

91
Q

Hepatocytes are set up in plates, and between the plates are (Blank)

A

sinusoids or bile ducts

92
Q

This (blank) helps facilitate the exchange of material between the hepatocyte and the capillary.

A

space of disse

93
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids lined by?

A

discontinuous endothelial cells

Kupffer cells

94
Q

The (blank)is a differentiated phagocytic cell derived from monocytes.

A

kupfer

95
Q

Are collagen fibers found in the space of disse?

A

yes

96
Q

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery empties into the (blank)

A

hepatic sinusoid

97
Q

(blank) lie between hepatic plates

A

hepatic sinusoids

98
Q

(blank) empty directly into central veins and are lined by discontinous endothelium and kupffers cells.

A

hepatic sinusoids

99
Q

(blank) phagocytose blood-borne foreign particulate matter and defunct erythrocytes

A

Kupffer’s cell

100
Q

(blank) is the site of exchange of materials between blood and hepatocytes

A

space of disse (perisinusoidal space)

101
Q

Plasma enters space of Disse through opening between (blank) that are too small for blood cellsto pass.

A

endothelial cells

102
Q

In the space of Disse, (blank) covered free surface of hepatocytes absorb nutrients, oxygen, toxins and release their metabolic products and endocrine secretions

A

microvillus

103
Q

(blank) also serves as liver’s lymphatic system…fluid flows towards lymphatic vessels in portal area , ie opposite direction to blood flow

A

space of disse

104
Q

(blank) store Vitamin A
-In pathological conditions differentiate into
myofibroblasts and synthesize collagen, leading
to liver fibrosis

A

Hepatic stellate cells (cells of Ito))

105
Q

Are there macrophages in the peripheral blood?

A

no, except for kupffer cells

106
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the gall bladder?

A

simple columnar epithelium

107
Q

Concetration of bile requires coupled transport of (blank) and (blank)

A

salt and water

108
Q

Is there microvilli on the mucosa of gall bladder?

A

yes on the apical surface

109
Q

(blank) pump on lateral surface to facilitate H20 absorption from bile.

A

Na

110
Q

Does the mucosa of the gallbladder have an LP?

A

yes

111
Q

Does the gallbladder have muscularis mucosae or submucosa?

A

no

112
Q

What is the muscularis of the gall bladder made up of?

A

interwoven smooth muscle

113
Q

How do you get the muscularis of the gall bladder to contract?

A

CCK (secreted by enteroendocrine, triggered by dietary fat)

114
Q

Does the gallbladder have an adventitia or a serosa?

A

both, an adventitia attaches it to the liver and a serosa covers its free peritoneal space

115
Q

What are the major functions of the gallbladder?

A

concentration and storage of bile b/w meals
release of bile
regulation of hydrostatic pressure w/in biliary tract

116
Q

A gallbladder is considered a (Blank) organ

A

tubule

117
Q

The gall bladder is highly (blank) .

A

corrugated

Block 3 Week 2 Dani (9 decks)

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