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IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 > Histo - Cartilage/Bone > Flashcards

Histo - Cartilage/Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general composition of connective tissue?

A

cells + ecm (protein fibers and ground substance)

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of protein fibers?

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

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3
Q

What are the 3 examples of ground substance given?

A
  1. glycosaminglycans (GAGs ex: hyaluranic acid, chondroiton sulfate)
  2. proteoglycans
  3. multiadhesive glycoproteins (ex: laminin and fibronectin)
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4
Q

In epithelium, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, ___ is the major component of connective tissue.

In cartilage, ___ is the major component of connective tissue.

A

first: cells
second: ECM

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5
Q

ECM is usually secreted by ___

A

cells

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6
Q

Describe the ground substance characteristics

A

unstructured, amorphous materials between cells and fibers

provides a medium through which nutrients can diffuse

can be fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinious, or calcified.

hydrophilic.

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7
Q

All connective tissue is derived from ____

A

mesenchyme

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8
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

loosely organized embryonic connective tissue

contains elongated, spindle shaped undifferentiated stem cells

multipotent cells with oval and round nucleus, prominent nucleolus, fine chromatin, thin cytoplasmic processes

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9
Q

What are chondroblasts derived from?

A

mesenchyme

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10
Q

What cells are found in cartilage?

A

chondroblasts (secrete ECM)

chondrocytes (secrete and maintain ECM)

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11
Q

What % volume is the ECM in cartilage?

A

95%

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12
Q

The ECM of cartilage is rich in ___ and ___. This allows it to withstand ____.

A

ECM of cartilage is rich in glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans

allows it to withstand mechanical forces (it is resilient)

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13
Q

ECM allows it to withstand _____

A

mechanical forces (making it resilient)

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14
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

the dense CT covering MOST of the cartilage

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15
Q

What does the perichondrium contain?

A

perichondrium contains blood vessels, nerves, chondrogenic cells, type I collagen

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16
Q

Perichondrium of cartilage is essential for ____

A

growth and maintenance of cartilage

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17
Q

Is cartilage avascular or vascular?

A

avascular

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18
Q

How do chondrocytes receive nutrients?

A

chondrocytes in lacunae receive nutriets via diffusion from perichondrial blood cells

(remember: chondrocytes are in lacunae and the cartilage is avascular, so they need a new means to receive nutrients)

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19
Q

What aspect of the cartilage allows for easy diffusion?

A

ECM is high in water content so allows for diffusion

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20
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms for cartilage growth?

A
  1. appositional growth

2. interstitial growth

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21
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

growth by additional to existing surface
generation of new chondroblast

when chondroblasts secrete new matrix so much that they are inside of it (now it’s called a chondrocyte)

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22
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

growth by internal expansion

proliferation of chondrocytes to form isogenic groups

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage
  3. fibrocartilage
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24
Q

Describe the ECM of hyaline cartilage

A

high in % water
proteoglycans, hyaluronic, chondroiton sulfate, keratin sulfate, type II collagen

H2O bound to negative GAGs, makes it resilient and a shock absorber

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25
Q

Describe where hyaline cartilage is found

A

articular cartilage, nose, larynx, trachael rings, esophygeal plates, fetal bone models

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26
Q

Is perichondrium found in hyaline cartilage

A

Yes. in most hyaline cartilage..

there are a few exceptions

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27
Q

What is the appearance of hyaline cartilage?

A

It is different in a fresh dissection and a histological dissection.

Fresh dissection - blu-ish white and translucent

Histologically - matrix generally is basophilic (because of negative GAGs.
- in HE stain: collagen fibers indiscernible because same refractie index as surrounding sunstance

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28
Q

What are the 3 cell populations in hyaline cartilage?

A

chondrogenic cells
chondroblasts
chondrocytes

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29
Q

What are chondrogenic cells and where are they found?

A

inner portion of perichondrium, can develop into chondroblasts

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30
Q

What are chondroblasts and where are they found?

A

elliptical shape, long axis parallel to cartilage surface

these begin to synthesize and secrete ECM

once completely surrounded by matrix (in lacuna) called chondrocytes

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31
Q

Where are chondrocytes and where are they found?

A

They are in lacuna

they are more rounded than chondroblasts

found in isogenous groups (isogenic clusters)

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32
Q

What are isogenous groups? AKA ___

A

aka isogenic clusters

chondrocytes that recently went through mitosis

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33
Q

What are the 2 matrix types in hyaline cartilage?

A

territorial matrix and interterritorial matrix

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34
Q

what is territorial matrix?

A

rich in GAG poor in collagen

surrounds each chondrocyte and isogenic group

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35
Q

What is interterritorial matrix?

A

collagen more abundant, farther from chondrocytes/isogenous groups

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36
Q

What is the ECM composition of elastic cartilage?

A

it is essentially the same as hyaline cartilage with type II collagen fibers

and ADDITION OF ELASTIC FIBERS

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37
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

auricle (aka pinna), auditory canal, auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube, epiglottis

found in these locations because elastic cartilage is pliable and resilient

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38
Q

Is there perichondrium in elastic cartilage?

A

present (perichondrium is acidophilic)

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39
Q

What is the appearance of elastic cartilage?

A

different in a fresh dissection vs histologically

fresh dissection - yellowish (because elastic fibers)

histologically- with SPECIAL STAINING, elastic fibers are prominent. they are a dense network of branching/anastomosing fibers

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40
Q

How do elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage compare?

A

elastic cartilage has:

  • elastic fibers
  • higher ratio of chondrocytes to ECM
  • fewer cells per isogenous group
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41
Q

As people age, the _____ cartilage in their epiglottis shrinks and is replaced by _____

A

elastic cartilage shrinks and is replaced with unilocular adipose tissue

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42
Q

What is the composition of the ECM if fibrocartilage?

A

type I and II collagen fibers, less proteoglycans than other cartilages

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43
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found? Why?

A

found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, major tendon-bond anchorages

because of components of the ECM, fibrocartilage is found in areas that undergo lots of pulling forces/compression forces

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44
Q

Is there a perichondrium present in fibrocartilage?

A

perichondrium is absent

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45
Q

What is fibrocartilage appearance histologically?

A

tissue is an intermediate between dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

chondrocytes are arranged in long rows, separated by coarse collagen fibers

matrix is more acidophilic

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46
Q

Think of fibrocartilage as an intermediate between ___ and ____

A

fibrocartilage is the intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

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47
Q

How is fibrocartilage similar to hyaline cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage contains chondrocytes in lacunae and type II collagen which gives fibrocartilage the ability to withstand compression forces

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48
Q

How is fibrocartilage similar to dense connective tissue?

A

fibrocartilage contains type I collagen which gives fibrocartilage high tensile strength

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49
Q

Fibrocartilage can withstand both ___ and ___ forces

A

compression and shearing forces

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50
Q

Describe chondrocytes in fibrocartilage

A

there are fewer chondrocytes in fibrocartilage than there are in hyaline or elastic cartilage

chondrocytes are alligned along collagen bundles either singularly or in isogenous groups

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51
Q

Often fibrocartilage is seen adjacent to ___, and the transition between the two is ____.

A

dense connective tissue

transition between the two is gradual

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52
Q

what is the general composition of connective tissue?

A

cells + ecm (protein fibers + ground substance)

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53
Q

What are examples protein fibers in bone?

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

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54
Q

What are examples of ground substance in bone?

A
  1. GAGs aka glycosaminoglycans (ex: hyaluronic acid, chondroiton sulfate)
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Multiadhesive glycoproteins (ex: laminin and fibronectin)
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55
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones?

A 
1 support
2 protection
3 movement
4 storage
5 blood cells formation
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56
Q

Describe how bones support the body

A

because bones are the framework of the body

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57
Q

Describe how bones protect the body

A

skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect spinal cord, ribcage protects the lungs

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58
Q

Describe how bones help with body movement

A

because skeletal muscles are attached to bones predominately via tendons and use bones as levers

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59
Q

Describe how bones assist in storage

A

bones are a reservoir for minerals (calcium and phosphate)

yellow bone marrow contains white/unilocular adipose cells which store triglycerides, potential chemical energy source

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60
Q

Describe how bones assist in blood cell formation

A

occurs in red bone marrow found in bone marrow cavities and other locations

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61
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone according to shape?

A 
1 long bone
2 short bone
3 flat bone
4 irregular bone
5 sesamoid bone
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62
Q

Describe long bones generally

A

longer than wide
have shaft and 2 end parts
all bones of extremeties except patella, carpal bones, tarsal bones
some long bones (phallanges) not that long but are still longer than they are wide

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63
Q

Describe short bones generally

A

cubed, equal length and diameter, includes the carpal and tarsal bones

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64
Q

Describe flat bones generally

A

thin, flattened, plate-like bones

ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most of skull

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65
Q

Describe irregular bones generally

A

complicated shape

vertebrae and hip bones

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66
Q

Describe sesamoid bones generaly

A
  • special type of short bone that forms a tendon
  • there is only one named sesamoid bone - = petallar bone
  • number of sesamoid bones varies in individuals
  • act to alter direction of pull of tendon
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67
Q

What are the 2 gross-observation classifications of bone?

A

compact (cortical) bone and spongy bone

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68
Q

What is the difference between compact and spongy bone in gross observation?

A

in GROSS observation, compact (cortical bone) looks solid to naked eye (is not actually solid)

in GROSS observation, spongy bone contains thin bone spicules called trabeculae

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69
Q

Under histological observation, what is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

A

They are made up of similar composition

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70
Q

Describe the 4 parts of a long bone

A

1 diaphysis
2 epiphysis
3 metaphysis
4 epiphyseal plate/line

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71
Q

Diaphysis of long bone: what is the outside part and inside part?

A

outside part is compact bone

inside part is medullary (marrow) cavity

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72
Q

What can the medullary (marrow) cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone be filled with?

A
  1. RED bone marrow (hematopoesis)

2. YELLOW bone marrow (triglyceride storage)

73
Q

In adults, what occurs with hematopoeisis?

A

over time, hematopoesis is limited to certain areas of the body because most red bone marrow has begun to convert to yellow

74
Q

Epiphysis: what is the outside part and inside part?

A

compact bone on outside

spongy bone on inside

75
Q

Where is the diaphysis on the long bone?

A

the shaft

76
Q

Where is the epiphysis of the long bone?

A

on the bone ends

77
Q

What is located between the bone spicules of spongy bone in long bones?

A

red or yellow bone marrow

78
Q

Where is the metaphysis on the long bone?

A

flared portion of bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

each metaphysis extends from the diaphysis to the epiphyseal line

79
Q

Where is the epiphyseal plate/line found on a long bone?

A

between the metaphysis and epiphysis

80
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate? What is it made up of?

A

epiphyseal plate is in still growing areas aka the growth plate

composed of hyalie cartilage

81
Q

What takes place in the epiphyseal plate?

A

activities that take place in plate allow for long bone to grow lengthwise

82
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate replaced with? Once replaced, what is the new term?

A

replaced with bone

then called epiphyseal line

83
Q

What are the two membranes of long bone?

A

periosteum and endosteum

84
Q

Where is the periosteum on a long bone?

A

covers the outer surface of bone with exceptions of articular surfaces and tendon and ligament insertion

85
Q

Is the periosteum vascular or avascular?

A

vascularized

86
Q

Periosteum is double layered. What are the 2 layers?

A

outer portion = fibrous dense irregular CT

inner portion = osteogenic layer (osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts)

87
Q

What is the periosteum connected to? How?

A

Periosteum is connected to underlying bone via perforating/sharpey’s fibers (which are collagen fibers)

88
Q

What are perforating/sharpey’s fibers? Where are they? What do they do?

A

Collagen fibers

attach periosteum to underlying bone

89
Q

Describe the endosteum

A

Consists of cells that belong to the stroma of the marrow or are derived from resting osteoblasts

main source of lining cells of cortical haversion canals

90
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

articular joint surfaces covered with cartilage

composed of hyaline cartilage

cushions opposing ends of bones during movement and absorbs different stresses

91
Q

Do the short/flat/irregular/sesamoid bones have the same parts as the long bones?

A

no.

short/flat/irregular/sesamoid bones do not have a diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis or marrow cavity

92
Q

What are the components of short / flat / irregular / sesamoid bones?

A

look like chocolate dipped oreo cookies

chocolate covering - periosteum of compact bone

cookie - compact bone

cream filling - spongy bone in middle (called diploe)

93
Q

What is a diploe?

A

The spongy bone in the middle of the compact bone

94
Q

What is the covering for the trabeculae of diploe (spongy bone) and the covering for the passageways of the compact bone?

A

endosteum

95
Q

What is between the endosteum lined trabeculae?

A

either red or yellow bone marrow

96
Q

How are the trabeculae of diploe lined up?

A

lined up along stress lines

although they look like they are lined up randomly

97
Q

What is the composition of bone tissue?

A

cells + ECM

98
Q

What are the 4 cells types of bone tissue?

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

99
Q

What are the 2 components of ECM in bone tissue?

A
  1. organic part (osteoid part)

2. inorganic part

100
Q

What is the organic (osteoid) part of the ECM of bone tissue secreted by?

A

osteoblasts

101
Q

What does the organic (osteoid) part of the ECM of bone tissue contain?

A

type I collagen, bone matrix proteins (GAGs, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, glycoproteins, osteocalcin, osteonectin)

102
Q

What is osteocalcin and where is it found?

A

found in the organic (osteoid) part of the ECM of bone tissue

osteocalcin is a bone-specific multiadhesive glycoprotein

103
Q

What is osteonectin and where is it found?

A

found in the organic (osteoid) part of the ECM of bone tissue

osteonectin is a vitamin-k-dependent polypeptide, important for the calcification of bone

104
Q

What is the in-organic part of ECM of bone tsisue composed primarily of?

A

hydroxyapitite crystals (most abundant component of inorganic part of ECM in bone tissue)

105
Q

What makes up 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix in bone tissue?

A

inorganic part of ECM

106
Q

In the inorganic part of ECM of bone tissue, the association between collagen fibers and inorganic portion (HA crystals) is responsible for _____

A

hardness/resistance of bone

107
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

1 osteoprogenitor cells/osteogenic cells
2 osteoblasts
3 osteocyte
4 osteoclasts

108
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells develop into?

A

osteoblasts

109
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

basically mesenchymal stem cells

110
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells have the potential to divide via ____ to differentiate into ___

A

potential to divide via mitosis to differentiate into osteoblasts

111
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

inner layer of periosteum and endosteum

112
Q

What develops into the osteoblasts?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

113
Q

Osteoblasts are responsible for synthesis/secretion of _____

A

organic component of ECM (osteoid)

114
Q

What bone cell is responsible for the synthesis/secretion of organic component (osteoid) of ECM?

A

osteoblast

115
Q

Osteoblast activity signals for ____ of bone.

A

calcification of bone.

This is the depositing of the inorganic part of ECM

116
Q

Which bone cell type activity is responsible for calcification of bone (aka deposits the inorganic part of the ECM)?

A

Osteoblasts

117
Q

Where are osteoblasts located?

A

osteoblasts are located on the surface of bone matrix, side by side like simple epithelium

118
Q

Which type of bone cell looks like simple epithelium, aligned along the surface of bone matrix?

A

osteoblasts

119
Q

What happens to osteoblasts histologically when they are actively producing matrix?

A

they are cuboidal/columnar in shape with a basophilic cytoplasm

120
Q

Which type of cell becomes cuboidal/columnar in shape with a basophilic cytoplasm when they are actively producing matrix?

A

osteoblasts

121
Q

What happens with the osteoblast secretes so much matrix that they encapsulate themselves?

A

they are now called osteocytes

122
Q

Where do osteocytes sit?

A

in lacunae in the matrix

which they themselves maintain

123
Q

As osteocytes transition from osteoblasts, they extend ____ that are found in ____.

A

long cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are found in tunnels called canaliculi

124
Q

Which bone cell type has cytoplasmic extensions? when they do they develop?

A

osteocytes have long cytoplasmic extensions

they develop when the osteocytes are formed from osteoblasts

125
Q

Where are the long cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes found?

A

the tunnels called canaliculi

126
Q

What are caniliculi? What is found within them?

A

Caniliculi are tunnels

found within them are the long cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes (which develop when osteocytes are being formed from osteoblasts)

127
Q

Which bone cell type is associated with caniliculi?

A

osteocyte

128
Q

Describe the organelles of osteocytes

A

more reduced rER, reduced golgi complex, more condensed chromatin than osteoblasts

129
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

remove/resorb bone

130
Q

Are osteoclasts large or small?

A

large

131
Q

How long can osteoclasts live?

A

many years

132
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

derived from same stem cells that produce macropahges (aka are derived from monocytes)

formed by the fusion of many monocytes that is why osteoclasts are multinucleated

133
Q

How do osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix?

A

by secreting enzymes and hydrogen ions, creating an acidic environment

134
Q

Osteoclasts sit in ____

A

pits called resorption bays or howship’s lacunae

135
Q

What are resorption bays? AKA ____

What sits in resorption bays?

A

resorption bays aka howship’s lacunae

osteoclasts sit there

136
Q

Osteoclasts have a ___ border. What does that do?

A

osteoclasts have a ruffled border

That is where the cell is actively working to break down the bone matrix

137
Q

What are the two classifications of bone tissue histologically?

A

1 primary bone (aka woven bone/immature bone)

2 secondary bone (lamellar bone/mature bone)

138
Q

What is the first type of bone to develop? When does this begin?

A

primary bone

develops in embryonic development and fracture repair

139
Q

How are collagen fibers arranged in primary bone?

A

laid down in a random order

140
Q

Describe primary bone’s mineral content and osteocyte amount?

A

low mineral content

more osteocytes

141
Q

Is primary bone permanent or temporary?

A

temporary.

eventually replaced with secondary bone in most locations

142
Q

How are collagen fibers arranged in secondary bone?

A

very organized, collagen fibers arranged in layers with ALL fibers in parallel direction of concentrically vascular canal

143
Q

What is the structural unit of a compact bone called?

A

osteon

144
Q

Osteon aka ____

A

haversian system

145
Q

Around vascular canals are ____

A

lamellae

146
Q

Lamellae (around vascular canals of haversian systems) are composed of _____

A

bone ECM

these central canals and repeating concentric layer of lamellae are what compose an osteon

147
Q

What composes the osteon?

A

the central canal and the repeating concentric layer of lamellae

148
Q

What about the collagen fibers in lamellae increase the strength of the osteon?

A

they are parallel to each other and follow a helical course

then they are at a right angle (90deg) in the next lamellae, this increases the strength of the osteon

149
Q

Between each lamellae are ____

A

osteocytes in their respective lacunae

150
Q

Where are osteocytes located within the osteon?

A

osteocytes are located in their respective lacunae between each lamellae in the osteon

151
Q

What is the cement line of the osteon? What is it composed of?

A

the outermost boundary of the osteon

VERY rich in collagen fibers

152
Q

What is the outermost boundary of the osteon? What is it composed of?

A

cement line of osteon

VERY rich in collagen fibers

153
Q

In long bone of compact bone, how are osteons arranged?

A

osteons in long compact bone are arranged parallel to the long axis of the diaphysis

154
Q

Each osteon is composed of ____

A

4-10 concentric lamellae around a central/haversian canal

155
Q

What are central canals of osteons lined with?

A

endosteum

156
Q

What is within the central canal of osteons?

A

blood vessels, nerves, loose CT

157
Q

How do central canals communicate with marrow cavity and periosteum?

A

via transverse/oblique perforating canals

AKA Volkmann’s

158
Q

Transverse/Oblique perforating canals aka ____

A

Volkmann’s canals

159
Q

Do transverse/oblique perforating canals have concentric lamellae around?

A

No.

160
Q

What do the transverse/oblique perforating canals do?

A

transverse/oblique perforating canals AKA Volkmann’s canals

communicate with periosteum and marrow cavity

161
Q

Why do the osteons need to communicate with the periosteum?

A

Because periosteum has the blood vessels in it.

Osteons need the nutrients.

162
Q

In compact bone, are lamellae associated with central/haversian canals?

A

no

example: we see external and internal circumferential lamellae just beneath periosteum

163
Q

Which type of bone has external and internal circumferential lamellae?

A

compact bone

these are located just beneath periosteum

164
Q

Between osteons in compact bone are ____

A

interstitial lamellae

165
Q

What are interstitial lamellae created by? Where are they located?

A

interstitial lamellae are created by numerous parallel lamellae between osteons

166
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

interstitial lamellae are actually remnants of former osteons

because bone is constantly being remodeled

167
Q

Do spongy bone contain osteons?

A

NO

168
Q

In Spongy bone, what surround red marrow space?

A

trabeculae

169
Q

Bone is considered a ____ and is derived from ___

A

bone is considered a connective tissue

bone is derived from mesenchyme

170
Q

Bone is composed of ____

A

cells and an ECM

171
Q

What are the parts of the long bone?

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal plate/line, medullary (marrow) cavity, periosteum, endosteum

172
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells produce ____

A

osteoblasts

173
Q

Osteoblasts produce ____

- Signals for it’s _____

A

Osteoblasts produce osteoid

Ostoblasts signal for osteoid mineralization

174
Q

Osteocytes reside in ____ and maintain the surrounding ____

A

reside in lacunae and maintain the surrounding bone matrix

175
Q

Osteoclasts ___ bone matrix

A

resorb

176
Q

Histologically, bone tissue is categorized as either ___ or ___

A

primary or secondary bone

177
Q

Compact bone and Spongy bone are both ___

A

secondary bone

178
Q

Which bone type has osteons/haversian system, composed of a concentric lamellae and a central/haversian canal?

A

compact bone

179
Q

Which bone type does NOT have osteons/haversian systems, but still consists of lamellae?

A

spongy bone

IKK - Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

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