Histo - Blood and Hematopoesis Flashcards by Ilana Kramer

Is blood a connective tissue?

yes.

It’s cells = blood cells
it’s ECM = plasma

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What is the blood volume for an average male/female?

What % body weight is that?

male: 5-6L (1.5 gallons)
female: 4-5L (1.2 gallons)

8% of total body weight

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What provides a transportation system for the blood to circulate the body?

heart and blood vessels

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In terms of transportation, the heart is a ____

double pump for blood circulation transport

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In terms of transportation, the blood vessels are ____

distribution pathways

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How many miles of distribution pathways are blood vessels?

60,000

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What are the 3 functions of blood?

distribution
regulation
protection

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Describe blood’s role in distribution.

in detail

Deliver of O2 from lungs to body cells

Delivery of nutrients from GI to body cells

Transports wastes from body cells to kidneys

Transports CO2 from body cells to lungs

Transports hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

Transports other regulatory proteins

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Describe blood’s role in regulation

Thermoregulation
Maintains proportion of blood tissue
Coagulation
Homeostasis

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Describe blood’s role in protection

transportation of immune cells (to protect against pathogenic cells, foreign objects, transformed cells)

Prevents blood loss through coagulation

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Blood is composed of what 2 things?

formed elements and plasma

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What are the 2 formed elements of blood?

cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes)

2. cell fragments (thrombocytes)

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Are erythrocytes (RBC) considered “true” cells?

Because when they are fully mature, they have no nucleus and most of their organelles are missing

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Are thrombocytes (platelets) considered “true” cells?

No. These are cell fragments

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Are leukocytes (WBC) considered “true” cells?

Yes.

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Describe the general shape of WBC, RBC and platelets

WBC: irregular surface

RBC: smooth surface

Platelets: odd shape, very small fragments of cells

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Describe the plasma of blood

extracellular matrix of blood

water-based

protein-rich fluid

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In centrifigued blood, density separates it into 3 categories. What are they according to density?

least dense = plasma
then buffy coat
most dense = erythrocytes

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Describe plasma’s physical appearance in a centrifuge

clear, transparent, and least dense because contains mostly water

(and water soluble proteins)

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Describe buffy coat’s physical appearance in a centrifuge

Buffy coat is white-gray in apperance

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What do we find in the buffy coat layer if blood?

white blood cells and platelets

white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)

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What is the relative abundancy of the major white blood cells?

most abundant: neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
least abundant: eosinophils and basophils

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Describe the erythrocyte layer physical appearance in centrifuge

Dark red in actual sample, most dense, RBC layer

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What is the hematocrit?

How is it measured?

Volume of packed RBCs in sample of blood

Measured by centrifuging blood sample and calculating percent of tube volume occupied by rbc as compared to the rest of the blood

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What is the general % breakdown of blood of RBC volume, plasma volume, buffy coat volume?

RBC= 45% Plasma= 55% Buffy coat= 1%

What is the average hematocrit for men/women?

men hematocrit = 39-50% | women hematocrit = 35-45%

What percent of plasma is water?

over 90% solvent for variety of solutes solutes help maintain homeostasis (providing optical pH and osmolarity)

What percent of plasma is proteins?

less than 10%

What are the 3 main proteins found in plasma?

albumin, globulin and fibrinogen

What percent of plasma is "other solutes" and what does that consist of?

1% of plasma is "other solutes" = electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances (waste materials), nutrients, blood gases, regulatory substances

Albumin makes up ____% of plasma proteins

50%

Where is albumin made?

liver

What is albumin's primary function?

to exert a concentration gradient and help maintain the osmotic pressure of blood also acts as carrier protein for substances like hormones, metabolites and drugs

What is osmotic pressure?

osmotic pressure = ratio of solute in solvent

Which plasma protein makes up 1/2 of plasma proteins?

albumin

Which plasma protein helps maintain osmotic pressure and serves as a carrier protein?

both albumin and globulins (non-immuno globulins, alpha and beta globulins)

What are the two types of globulin plasma proteins?

immunoglobulin (gamma globulin) non-immunoglobulin (alpha and beta globulin)

What are immunoglobulins secreted by?

immonuglobulins (gamma globulin) secreted by plasma cells

What are non-immunoglobulins produced by?

non-immunoglobulins (alpha and beta globulins) produced by liover

What do non-immunoglobulins do?

non-immunoglobulins (alpha and beta globulins) help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins

Where is fibrinogen made?

liver

Is fibrinogen soluble or insoluble?

soluble (plasma protein) fibrin is insoluble

Describe how fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin?0

soluble fibrinogen undergies cascade of reactions and transformed into insoluble fibrin (helps form blood clots)

Describe the process of making a blood smear

A drop of blood is placed directly on a slide, spread thinly over the surface with the edge of another slide

The goal of a blood smear is to have a ____ of cells on one slide Where will the highest concentration of blood cells be?

monolayer of cells highest concentration of blood cells will be at the start of the slide

What kind of stain is used on a blood smear?

Blood smear is air dried and stained with WRIGHT STAIN mix of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic)

What is wright stain composed of? What is it used for?

wright stain is a mix of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic) it is used for blood smear stains

When erythrocytes are mature, describe their physical shape

a-nucleate cells devoid of organelles biconcave discs with diameter of 7.8um, thickness of 2.6um and thickness in center of 0.8um

What do erythrocytes bind? How much of it?

Erythrocytes bind 99% of oxygen to deliver to tissues Erythrycotes bind 30% of CO2 to remove from the tissues, the rest is dissolved in the blood, no carrier molecule mechanism

Why are erythrocytes described as a histological ruler?

Because their shape and size are relatively constant in fixed tissue

Which cell type in blood is described as a histological ruler? Why?

erythrocytes because their shape and size are relatively constant in fixed tissue

What is erythropoiesis? Where does it take place?

erythrocyte (RBC) production occurs in red blood marrow

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

120 days (~4 months)

What is the rate of release for erythrocytes?

~2 million per second

What is hemoglobin?

a specialized protein involved in binding, transporting, releasing oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the general structure of hemoglobin?

4 polypeptide chains of globin (alpha, beta, lamda, gamma) these chains contain heme group with iron at the center

Why is iron important in hemoglobin?

iron is at the center of each heme group. there are 4 heme groups in hemoglobin (1 per polypeptide chain of globin) each iron binds one O2 molecule therefore, hemoglobin binds 4 O2 molecules

How many O2 molecules does hemoglobin bind? How?

Hemoglobin proteins bind 4 O2 molecules the iron in the center of the heme group in each polypeptide chain of globin binds 1 O2 molecule. there are 4 polypeptide chains of globin, aka 4 heme groups, aka 4 irons, aka binds 4 O2 molecules

What is the most common type of hemoglobin?

has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

If oxygen diffuses into the blood stream from lungs and transported on its own, why do we use hemoglobin?

to control where oxygen goes, because o2 is not that soluble in blood, and because HEMOGLOBIN INCREASES THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD 70FOLD

How many hemoglobin molecules per RBC?

250 million

How many O2 molecules can bind to 1 RBC?

250 hemoglobin per RBC 4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin = 1 billion O2 molecules per RBC

How many RBCs are in the human body?

25 trillion

Where does CO2 bind compared to O2 in hemoglobin?

O2 binds to the iron CO2 binds to the globulin