Histo - Blood and Hematopoesis Flashcards
Is blood a connective tissue?
yes.
It’s cells = blood cells
it’s ECM = plasma
What is the blood volume for an average male/female?
What % body weight is that?
male: 5-6L (1.5 gallons)
female: 4-5L (1.2 gallons)
8% of total body weight
What provides a transportation system for the blood to circulate the body?
heart and blood vessels
In terms of transportation, the heart is a ____
double pump for blood circulation transport
In terms of transportation, the blood vessels are ____
distribution pathways
How many miles of distribution pathways are blood vessels?
60,000
What are the 3 functions of blood?
- distribution
- regulation
- protection
Describe blood’s role in distribution.
in detail
Deliver of O2 from lungs to body cells
Delivery of nutrients from GI to body cells
Transports wastes from body cells to kidneys
Transports CO2 from body cells to lungs
Transports hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
Transports other regulatory proteins
Describe blood’s role in regulation
Thermoregulation
Maintains proportion of blood tissue
Coagulation
Homeostasis
Describe blood’s role in protection
transportation of immune cells (to protect against pathogenic cells, foreign objects, transformed cells)
Prevents blood loss through coagulation
Blood is composed of what 2 things?
formed elements and plasma
What are the 2 formed elements of blood?
- cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes)
2. cell fragments (thrombocytes)
Are erythrocytes (RBC) considered “true” cells?
Because when they are fully mature, they have no nucleus and most of their organelles are missing
Are thrombocytes (platelets) considered “true” cells?
No. These are cell fragments
Are leukocytes (WBC) considered “true” cells?
Yes.
Describe the general shape of WBC, RBC and platelets
WBC: irregular surface
RBC: smooth surface
Platelets: odd shape, very small fragments of cells
Describe the plasma of blood
extracellular matrix of blood
water-based
protein-rich fluid
In centrifigued blood, density separates it into 3 categories. What are they according to density?
least dense = plasma
then buffy coat
most dense = erythrocytes
Describe plasma’s physical appearance in a centrifuge
clear, transparent, and least dense because contains mostly water
(and water soluble proteins)
Describe buffy coat’s physical appearance in a centrifuge
Buffy coat is white-gray in apperance
What do we find in the buffy coat layer if blood?
white blood cells and platelets
white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)
What is the relative abundancy of the major white blood cells?
most abundant: neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
least abundant: eosinophils and basophils
Describe the erythrocyte layer physical appearance in centrifuge
Dark red in actual sample, most dense, RBC layer
What is the hematocrit?
How is it measured?
Volume of packed RBCs in sample of blood
Measured by centrifuging blood sample and calculating percent of tube volume occupied by rbc as compared to the rest of the blood
What is the general % breakdown of blood of RBC volume, plasma volume, buffy coat volume?
RBC= 45%
Plasma= 55%
Buffy coat= 1%
What is the average hematocrit for men/women?
men hematocrit = 39-50%
women hematocrit = 35-45%
What percent of plasma is water?
over 90%
solvent for variety of solutes
solutes help maintain homeostasis (providing optical pH and osmolarity)
What percent of plasma is proteins?
less than 10%
What are the 3 main proteins found in plasma?
albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
What percent of plasma is “other solutes” and what does that consist of?
1% of plasma is “other solutes”
= electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances (waste materials), nutrients, blood gases, regulatory substances
Albumin makes up ____% of plasma proteins
50%
Where is albumin made?
liver
What is albumin’s primary function?
to exert a concentration gradient and help maintain the osmotic pressure of blood
also acts as carrier protein for substances like hormones, metabolites and drugs
What is osmotic pressure?
osmotic pressure = ratio of solute in solvent
Which plasma protein makes up 1/2 of plasma proteins?
albumin
Which plasma protein helps maintain osmotic pressure and serves as a carrier protein?
both albumin and globulins (non-immuno globulins, alpha and beta globulins)
What are the two types of globulin plasma proteins?
immunoglobulin (gamma globulin)
non-immunoglobulin (alpha and beta globulin)
What are immunoglobulins secreted by?
immonuglobulins (gamma globulin)
secreted by plasma cells
What are non-immunoglobulins produced by?
non-immunoglobulins (alpha and beta globulins)
produced by liover
What do non-immunoglobulins do?
non-immunoglobulins (alpha and beta globulins)
help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins
Where is fibrinogen made?
liver
Is fibrinogen soluble or insoluble?
soluble (plasma protein)
fibrin is insoluble
Describe how fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin?0
soluble fibrinogen undergies cascade of reactions and transformed into insoluble fibrin (helps form blood clots)
Describe the process of making a blood smear
A drop of blood is placed directly on a slide, spread thinly over the surface with the edge of another slide
The goal of a blood smear is to have a ____ of cells on one slide
Where will the highest concentration of blood cells be?
monolayer of cells
highest concentration of blood cells will be at the start of the slide
What kind of stain is used on a blood smear?
Blood smear is air dried and stained with WRIGHT STAIN
mix of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic)
What is wright stain composed of? What is it used for?
wright stain is a mix of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic)
it is used for blood smear stains
When erythrocytes are mature, describe their physical shape
a-nucleate cells devoid of organelles
biconcave discs with diameter of 7.8um, thickness of 2.6um and thickness in center of 0.8um
What do erythrocytes bind? How much of it?
Erythrocytes bind 99% of oxygen to deliver to tissues
Erythrycotes bind 30% of CO2 to remove from the tissues, the rest is dissolved in the blood, no carrier molecule mechanism
Why are erythrocytes described as a histological ruler?
Because their shape and size are relatively constant in fixed tissue
Which cell type in blood is described as a histological ruler? Why?
erythrocytes
because their shape and size are relatively constant in fixed tissue
What is erythropoiesis? Where does it take place?
erythrocyte (RBC) production
occurs in red blood marrow
What is the life span of erythrocytes?
120 days (~4 months)
What is the rate of release for erythrocytes?
~2 million per second
What is hemoglobin?
a specialized protein involved in binding, transporting, releasing oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the general structure of hemoglobin?
4 polypeptide chains of globin (alpha, beta, lamda, gamma)
these chains contain heme group with iron at the center
Why is iron important in hemoglobin?
iron is at the center of each heme group.
there are 4 heme groups in hemoglobin (1 per polypeptide chain of globin)
each iron binds one O2 molecule
therefore, hemoglobin binds 4 O2 molecules
How many O2 molecules does hemoglobin bind? How?
Hemoglobin proteins bind 4 O2 molecules
the iron in the center of the heme group in each polypeptide chain of globin binds 1 O2 molecule.
there are 4 polypeptide chains of globin, aka 4 heme groups, aka 4 irons, aka binds 4 O2 molecules
What is the most common type of hemoglobin?
has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
If oxygen diffuses into the blood stream from lungs and transported on its own, why do we use hemoglobin?
to control where oxygen goes, because o2 is not that soluble in blood, and because HEMOGLOBIN INCREASES THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD 70FOLD
How many hemoglobin molecules per RBC?
250 million
How many O2 molecules can bind to 1 RBC?
250 hemoglobin per RBC
4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin
= 1 billion O2 molecules per RBC
How many RBCs are in the human body?
25 trillion
Where does CO2 bind compared to O2 in hemoglobin?
O2 binds to the iron
CO2 binds to the globulin
