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GI Final > Histo > Flashcards

Histo Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main digestive glands?

A
  1. Major salivary glands
  2. Exocrine pancreas
  3. Liver
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2
Q

What is the salivon?

A

Basic secretory unit of salivary glands (has acinus, intercalated duct, excretory duct)

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3
Q

The blind-sac of secretory cells that synthesize + release product is?

A

Acinus

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4
Q

The conducting passageway for product to be released is?

A

Duct

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5
Q

Salivary glands have a CT capsule w/ _______.

A

septa

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of acinus that secretory cells are organized into?

A
  1. mucous acini
  2. serous acini
  3. mucoserous (hat)
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7
Q

Cells that asist in moving secretory products toward the excretory duct are?

(They control serous secretions)

A

myoepithelial cells

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8
Q

List the pathway of saliva flow

A

Acinus –> intercalated duct –> striated duct –> excretory duct

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9
Q

What is the hallmark of parotid (serous) glands?

A

serous only, large amounts of adipose tisse, facial N. (CN VII) passes through

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10
Q

What type of gland is a sublingual gland?

A

Mixed, but mostly mucous

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11
Q

What cells are predominant in submandibular glands?

A

Serous (they have the serous demilunes (bonnet))

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12
Q

Look at these images

A
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13
Q

The exocrine component of the pancreas does what?

A

Synthesizes/secretes enzymes that are essential for digestion in the large intestine

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14
Q

What is the hallmark of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells stain intensely, centroacinar cells stain lightly, (don’t confuse pancreas w/ parotid)

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15
Q

What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas?

A

serous acinus –> contains pancreatic acinar cells

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16
Q

What cells secrete HCO3-, Na+, and H20 alkaline secretions?

A

Centroacinar cells (duct w/in acinus)

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17
Q

How can we tell what a pancreatic acinar cell looks like?

A

It has zymogen granules (apical domain). These granules contain proenzymes that digest things.

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18
Q

What is the cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes (found inside zymogen granules). Normally these enzymes are inactive until the duodenum, but in pancreatitis they get activated in the pancreas and digest the pancreatic gland. Usually it is typsin.

Ways that you could prematurely activate zymogen granules is trauma, heavy metals, too much alcohol, biliary tract disease

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19
Q

How could one eventually develop chronic pancreatitis?

A

Acholism –> leads to a permanent loss of pancreatic function (+ fibrosis)

20
Q

What are the 3 functional units of the liver?

A
  1. hepatic lobule
  2. portal lobule
  3. liver acinus
21
Q

What supplies 80% of the blood to the liver?

A

Portal vein

22
Q

Where does blood from the portal triad go?

A

Into the sinusoids of the lobules –> central venule –> sublobular veins. Then blood returns to the IVC (via collecting + hepatic) veins

23
Q

After hepaocytes secrete bile, where does it drain into?

A

Bile canaliculus

24
Q

What direction do bile and lymph flow in?

A

Opposite directions

25
Q

What collects blood from the sinusoids?

A

Terminal hepatic venule (aka central vein)

26
Q

What is the perisinusoidal space of disse?

A

Site of material exchange (between blood and liver cells)

Microvilli come into the space to increase the surface area

27
Q

What is the periportal space (space of Mall)

A

where the lymph is collected

28
Q

A thin discontinuos endothelium and a discontinuous basal lamina line what?

A

Hepatic sinusoids

29
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Macrophages in hepatic (liver) sinusoids

30
Q

Bile caniculi

A

brown sticks

31
Q

portal triad

A
32
Q

Hepatic lobule

A
33
Q

The bile drainage pathway can be outlined by the _______.

A

portal lobule (3 adjacent lobes in a triangle drian into the same bile duct)

34
Q

The liver acinus, is shaped like a diamond and the flow of blood from inside to out creates an O2 gradient.

Which zone is most susceptible to ischemia?

Which zone is most susceptible to toxins?

A

zone 3 = ischemia

zone 1 = toxins

35
Q

Notice, in zone 3 there are bubbles –> this is from heart failure

A
36
Q

What drains blood from the portal vein + hepatic artery to the central vein?

A

Classic Hepatic lobule

37
Q

What drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct?

A

Portal lobule (triangle)

38
Q

What supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes?

A

Hepatic Acinus

zone 1 gets most oxygen + nutrients

39
Q

What is hereditary hemochromatosis?

A

Increased iron absorption which accumulates in lysosomal hepatocytes

40
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Hereditary disorder of copper metabolism (copper deposits in liver and brain)

41
Q

What is chronic liver disease?

A

When Kupffer cells and hepatocytes activate perisinusoidal cells when they shouldn’t, these cause fibrosis and inflammation.

42
Q

What can consuming ethanol for a long period of time do to you?

A

Causes a fatty liver!

Steatohepatitis = fatty liver + inflammation

Cirrhosis = fibrosis

43
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

An inflammatory condition due to viruses (Hep A,B,C)

Acute hepatitis = no appetite, nausea, vomiting, jaundice

Chronic hepatitis = fibrosis, necrosis, inflammation

Hep A = contaminated water/food

Hep B = sex, shared needles

Hep C = blood transfusion –> develop chronic

44
Q

What is special about the gallbladder?

A

It has external adventitia (against liver) and serosa (where exposed to peritoneal cavity)

45
Q

What are Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

A

Deep diverticula (holes) of mucosa (can extend into muscularis)

If bacteria accumulates in there, you can get gallstones.

Found in gallbladder!

GI Final (12 decks)

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