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Histology > Histo 2 Digestive & Respiratory and Sensory > Flashcards

Histo 2 Digestive & Respiratory and Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the differences in trachea and bronchus

A

TRACHEA:
Trachea has a c- shaped ring of hyaline cartilage.
The free border of cartilage are bridged by smooth muscle=trachea muscle
United by respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells)
Occupies the center of thoracic cavity

BRONCHUS:
Has plates of cartilage
Lined by respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
It consists of two parts:
Extrapulmonar bronchus
Intrapulmonar bronchus
Located right + left side of the thoracic cavities in the right + left lung

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2
Q

List all elements of the air-blood barrier.

A

AIR – BLOOD BARRIER (the respiratory membrane):
Alveolar epithelium (pneumocyte type 1)
Fused basal laminas of the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium
Membrane of erythrocytes

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3
Q

List all types of tongue papillae.

A

TONGUE PAPILLAE:
Filiform papillae – mechanical
Circumvallate papillae (with taste buds)
Fungiform papillae (with taste buds)
Folliate papillae (with taste buds)

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4
Q

List all cells of the Fundic gastric glands and describe their function

A

GLAND’S CELLS:
Surface cells - Mucus secreting
Mucous neck cells - Mucus secreting
Chief cells - secretory zymogen granules
Parietal cells - produces HCL (hydrochloric acid) kills microorganisms and activates pepsinogen
Enteroendocrine cells - produce paracrine hormones
Stem cells - Replace cells of the surface and proper gastric glands
Peptic cells - Secretory granules contain the proenzyme PEPSINOGEN

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5
Q

Where does the lamina subglandularis occur and in which animals?

A

LAMINA SUBGLANDULARIS occur in TUNICA MUCOSA of the stomach between lamina propia and lamina muscularis in carnivores

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6
Q

Describe the differences in lamina muscularis in the preventriculus?

A

IN RUMEN:
Lack of lamina muscularis
IN RETICULUM:
Lack of lamina muscularis but trabeculae are formed by lamina muscularis
IN OMASUM:
Presence of lamina muscularis

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7
Q

Precisely describe the location of glands in the duodenum and jejunum.

A

Duodenum - Tunica mucosa- Leiberkuhn glands in crypts
- Tunica sebmucosa - Brunner gland
Jejunum - Tunica mucosa lieberkuhn glands in crypts
- Tunica submucosa - Glands present in horse but absent in dog

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8
Q

What is the lacteal and where does it occur?

A

LACTEAL is the lymph capillaries that end blindly at the top of each villus.
Alt: lacteal is a lymphatic vessel that absorbs dietary facts. it occurs in the small intestine in the villi

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9
Q

List all cells of the duodenum epithelium.

A

DUODENUM:
(Created by SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM!)
Cells:
Enterocytes (absorptive cells)
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
M-cells (microfold cells)
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
Paneth cells
Stem cells

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10
Q

List bile paths from the hepatocytes to the portal area and the structure lining them.

A

BILE PASSES WITHIN: (step by step):
Bile canaliculi (intercellular spaces between liver cells)
Bile ductules (low simple cuboidal epithelium)
Canals of Hering (simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium).
Bile ducts – (simple columnar epithelium) at the portal area.

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11
Q

Which cells are responsible for production of pancreatic juice

A

Acinar and centroacinar cells

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12
Q

List alveolar cells and describe their general functions

A

Pneumocyte type Ⅰ - forming the air-blood barrier where gas exchange occurs.
Pneumocyte type Ⅱ - release surfacant
Macrophages - collect inhaled particles from the environment

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13
Q

How does the adventitia differ from the serous membrane of the alimentary system and what structures do they contain

A

Serosa covers the organs that freely move inside a cavity. Adventitia covers the organs that should be bound with the surrounding structures for support

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14
Q

Where are the taste buds located and what is their structure

A

Circumvallate papillae - largest and encircled by a deep cleft. SSE not keratinised
Fungiform papillae - Short conical KSSE
Foliate papillae

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15
Q

List all elements of the intrapulmonary bronchus that are no longer present in the bronchioles

A

Absence in cartilaginous structures and absence of glands

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16
Q

What type of epithelium covers a) lumen of trachea b) alveoli

A

a) pseudostratified epithelium
b) simple squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Describe the difference in bronchus and bronchioles

A

Bronchi contain hyaline cartilage while bronchioles don’t have cartilage
Bronchi have glands in tunica submucosa while bronchioles have no glands

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18
Q

Describe the difference in pneumocyte type 1 and 2

A

pneumocytes type 1 are squamous cells responsible for gas exchange
pneumocytes type 2 are cuboidal cells in the microvilli (release surfacant)

19
Q

Describe in detail the types of epithelia lining Nasal cavity

A

Vestibule - Keratinised stratified squamous epithelia
Respiratory - Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Olfactory - Thick Ciliated pseudostratified

20
Q

Describe in detail the types of epithelia lining Nasal cavity

A

Vestibule - Keratinised stratified squamous epithelia
Respiratory - Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Olfactory - Thick Ciliated pseudostratified

21
Q

Describe the histological differences between trachea and bronchioles

A

Trachea - C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage, glands
Bronchioles - No cartilage, no glands

22
Q

What is the tissue that construct the tongue

A

Lymphoid tissue

23
Q

List all types of tongue papillae

A

Filiform papillae, Cricumvallate papillae, Fungiform papillae, Foliate papillae

24
Q

List all types of tongue papillae involved in gustation (taste)

A

Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae

25
Q

In which segments of the bulls alimentary tract can we find lamina muscularis mucosae

A

Esophagus, Omasum, Abomasum, Jejunum, Colon, Cecum

26
Q

What is the structure of islets of langerhans.
What cells can we find here

A

islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout pancreas
Alpha, Beta, Delta, and component cells

27
Q

Where is the villus absent

A

The colon

28
Q

Where is the villus absent

A

The colon

29
Q

What marks the space of Disse
What is the morphology of it

A

In the liver between a hepatocyte abd a sinusoid,
Contains numerous villi

30
Q

In which vessels of the liver does arterial blood mix with venous blood

A

Hepatic portal vein

31
Q

Where can you find the perikaryons (neurons) in the stomach

A

(gastric) Plexus

32
Q

What is the lacteal and where does it occur

A

Lacteal occurs in the small intestine, in the villi.
It is a lymphatic vessel that absorbs dietary fats

33
Q

List all cells that can be found in liver parenchyma

A

Kupffer cells, Hepatic sinusoids, Ito cells

34
Q

List the histological structures in the stroma of pancreatic lobule

A

Acinar cells
Centroacinar cells
Zymogen granules
Intercalated duct
Intralobular duct
Islet of langerhans

35
Q

What type of villi covers a) the villi of the jejunum b) Circumvallate papillae

A

a)relief epithelium
b)stratified squamous epithelium

36
Q

Characterise the outer layer of gallbladder

A

Adventitia attaches the gallbladder to capsule of the liver
Serosa covers the remaining surface

37
Q

Describe the histological structures of abomasal mucosa

A

Simple columnar epithelium with surface cells forming gastric pits
Tunica mucosa with LCT, BV, LV
Lamina propia with elastic lamina
Lamina mascularis

38
Q

What type of glands are in the anal sac of dogs and cats

A

Dogs -apocrine sweat glands
Cats - apocrine sweat glands and sebacous glands

39
Q

List all cells of Colon epithelium (simp columnar)

A

Absorptive, Goblet, Enteroendocrine, Stem cells

40
Q

Describe the morphology of the base cell of the liver

A

Porta hepatocytes are polyhedral with 1 or 2 round nuclei that border sinusoids

41
Q

How does the adventitia differ from serous membrane of the alimentary system and what structures do they obtain

A

Serosa covers the organs that freely move inside a cavity
Adventitia covers the organs that should be bound with the surrounding structures for support.

42
Q

List all Layers of the mammalian retina

A

Retinal Pigment epithelium
Visual cell layer
External limiting membrane
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Inner plexiform layer
Ganglion cell layer
Nerve fiber layer
Internal limiting membrane

43
Q

List all cells of the retina

A

A- amacrine cell
B- bipolar cell
C- Cone photoreceptor
G- Ganglion cell
H- Horizontal cell
M- Muller cell
R- Rod cell

44
Q

List all cells of the organ of Corti (Spiral organ)

A

Hair - outer hair (type 1)
- Inner hair (type 2)
Claudius
Boettcher
Hansen
Deiters
Pillar

Histology (6 decks)

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