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Histo 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between ganglion and peripheral nerve?

A

PERIPHERAL NERVE:
Consists of nerve fibres = myelinated axons which are attached by:
ENDONEURIUM
FACICLE NERVE FIBRES ATTACHED BY PERINEURIUM
SOME FACILES ARE ATTACHED BY EPINEURIUM

GANGLION:
Aggregation to the neuron cell bodies
Surrounded by a layer of rounded SATELLITE CELLS which provide structural and metabolic support

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2
Q

Differenctiat between heart contractile muscles (purkinje cells) and a cardiomyocyte

A

Purkinje cells- thicker, larger than cardiomyocyte -> have numerous glycogen granules
Both have centrally located nucleus and intercalated discs

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3
Q

Histological structure of epicardium

A

Visceral -> simple squamous epithelium
Internal (fibrous) layer -> LCT, houses coronary vessels, nerves, ganglia, attaches to myocardium
Parietal -> outer layer
Heart lies in serous- fluid filled cavity

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4
Q

Characteristics of sinusoidal BV-> 4 organ locations

A

Large diameter, in basement membrane pores
between cells
In fenestra
In cytoplasm
Liver/spleen/ Lymph nodes/bone marrow

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5
Q

Morphology of vein value

A

Semilunar projection of tunica intima
in veins more than 2mm in diameter
fibroelastic tissue on both sides on endothelium
2 leaflets which project in the direction of bloodflow

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6
Q

Draw a large vein in cross section and an elastic aorta. indicate differences

A

Vein
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa, endothelium
Artery
Internal elastic layer and endothelium = tunica intima ||Tunica media, tunica externa

Elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure

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7
Q

Function of medullary sinus in lymph node?

A

Drain lymph from node into efferent lymphatic vessels in hilus

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8
Q

What is the marginal zone

A

Zone between red and white pulp in spleen

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9
Q

Descibe payers patches

A

Small intestine
Proliferation of lymphoytes B
Monitor intestinal bacteria populations
Prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria

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10
Q

Role and localisation of nurse cells

A

Reticular epithelial cells
-blood thymus barrier in thymus
regulates exchange between blood and thymus
environment for T cells to develop
Prevents immature T cells from contacting foreign antigens

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11
Q

Difference between sinuses in spleen and lymph node?where are sinuses located on lymph node and what roles do they play in both organs

A

Spleen -> sinusoid in red pulp
remove damaged/ old erythrocytes
Lymph node -> Capsular/ medullar/ cortical
located in medulla
Role, receive lymph and drain in into efferent lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Which organs are counted among primary lymphatic organs and why

A

Bone marrow and thymus -> differentiation/ proliferation of lymphocytes T and hormone secretion
B cell maturation (BM)

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13
Q

What comprises the thymic stroma? What fumctions do these cells play

A

Epithelioreticular cells and thymus stroma cells
supporting framework
Hassals corpuscles -> epithelial. cell destruction site
Cortical and medullary epithelial cells

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14
Q

What is blood thymus barrier made of? function?

A

Prevents blood from entering the cortex
Capillary endothelium and basal lamina
perivascular CT space occupied by macropahges
Epithelioreticular cells and badal lamina

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15
Q

List all types of lymphatic cells

A

Lymphcytes, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyers patches

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16
Q

Describe the structure of paracortex of lymph node

A

Thymus- dependent zone
Contains lymphocytes T
RCT and BV

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17
Q

Where are thymus dependent and independent zones in lymph node

A

Dependent - paracortex
Independent - cortex

18
Q

Characterise the white pulp

A

Found in the marginal zone of the spleen. Found as lymphoid tissue and lymphoid nodules. Has central artery
Function - filtration of blood and proliferation of B lymphocytes

19
Q

List all adenohypophysis endocrine cells and hormones released by them

A

Chromophiild and chromophones

Basinophils
> thyrotropes=TSH,T4,T3
>Gonadotropes = FSH + LH
> Corticotropes= ACTH
>Melanotropes = MSH

Acidophils
Lactotropes=prolactin
Somatotrophes=growth hormone

20
Q

What are the differences between the arteriovenous anastomoses and the rete mirabile?

A

Anastomosis: is a connection between two blood vessels, such as between arteries, veins or between an artery and a vein. (no capillaries)
Rete mirabile: is a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other, with blood flowing in opposite directions.

21
Q

Descibe all types of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries - no fenestrae, material passes walls in either direction, contains endothelium and basal lamina
Fenestrated capillaries - have fenestrae throughout the walls
Sinusoidal capillaries- have large lumen, numerous fenestrae, irregular shape, discontinous basal lamina

22
Q

List all elements of the air-blood barrier

A

Alveolar epithelium with pneumocytes I (gas exchange O2 to CO2)
Fused basal lamina with alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium
Capillary endothelium
Membrane of erythrocytes

23
Q

Characterise white pulp

A

Found in the marginal zone of the spleen. Found as lymphoid tissue and lymphoid nodules.
Function - filtration of blood and proliferation of B lymphocytes

24
Q

Characterise the layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima - simple squamous epithelium
- subendothelial layer
- artery- internal elastic lamina,, vein- valves
Tunica media - a few elastic, reticular and collagenous fibres
Tunica adventitia - only in varge v+a
- smooth muscle/vasa vasorum
- LCT

25
Histological differences between herring bodies and Hassals corpuscles
Herring bodies- terminal ends of axons from hypothalamus where hormones are stored before release Hassals corpuscles - formed by eosinophilic epithelial reticular cells arranged concertically
26
All cells of Splenic cord (red pulp)
Erythrocytes, lymphocytes, plasma fibres, macrophages, granulocytes
27
Compare functions between spleen (blood filter) and lymph node (lymph filter)
Spleen : filter/ reservoir for blood Site of distruction of aged erythrocytes Site of production of activated lymphocytes Site of proliferation of B and T lymphocytes Lymph node: proliferation of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes Secretion of antibodies through B lymphocytes and Plasmocytes Filtration of lymph and retentoin of antigens Presenting and destruction of antigens
28
Structures forming blood-thymus barrier
Capillary endothelium and basal lamina Perivascu;ar CT space occupied by macrophages Epithelioreticular fibres with basal lamina
29
Characterise the zone containing spongiocytes, histologically
Zona fasiculata Arranged on narrow columns. Seperated by fine strands of collagen and wide bone cappilaries Round nuclei, abundant cytoplasm Plentiful smooth Er and mitochondrion Larger number of lipid droplets
30
Give the name of precise location of cell the produces: FSH, Norepinephrine, Thyroxine, Melatonin
FSH: Gonadotropes, (pars anterior pituitary) Norepinephrine: Chromaffin cells (Medulla of adrenal gland) Thyroxine: Thyrotropes (pars anterior pituitary) Melatonin: Pinealocytes (pineal gland)
31
Histological structure of endocardium
Has trabeculae connae, continuous endothelium, Cardiac valves 1. endothelium (simple squamous epithelium 2. Sub-endothelial CT: irregular CT (collagen and elastic fibers) and few smooth muscle fibres 3. sub- endocardial CT: Loose CT with adipose fibres, small BVs and purkinje fibres
32
Cerebrum grey matter neurons
Molecular layer - Horizontal cells/Cortical External granular layer - stellate cells External pyramidal layer - small and large pyramidal/ Mortinotti Internal granular layer - stellate/pyramidal Internal pyramidal layer - Large pyramidal/ fusiform
33
Histological difference between ganglion/ peripheral nerve
Ganglion- Aggregation of neuron bodies surrounded by satellite fibres which provide structural and metabolic support Peripheral nerve- nerve fibres with myelinated axons that are attached to the endometrium & the fasicles of which are bundled up in the perineurium -> some attached to epineurium
34
Histological structures of Arachnoid
Thick layer of CT Cobweb like strands connecting to underlying Pia matter Subarachnoid space with brain ventricles through 3 foramina Covered by mesothelium Possesses Granulation
35
Differences in thyrocytes/ thymocytes (morphology, location, function)
Thyrocytes-Morphology: simple cuboidal epithelium -Location: Thyroid gland -> surrounded follicular cells -Fuction: Produce Thyroxine Thymocytes- Morphology: immature T lymphocytes - Location: Cortex of thymus - immune cells
36
What is a Pineal sand !!!
Basophilic extra-cellular bodies which are made up of concentric layers of calcium and magnesium phosphate in an organic matrix,
37
Characterise the cortex of the organ responsible for lymph filtration (lymph node)
Houses- capsular/cortical sinuses and lymph nodules that contain Macrophages, APCs, Bcells anf reticular cells Inner paracortex- no nodules and thymus dependent zone
38
List all cells of the thymus cortex and describe their function
Thymocytes- recognise self from non-self, immature T lymphocytes Fibrocytes- They form connective tissue, RF,Collagen , EF Dead cells- degenerated epithelial cells which are waste and can be found in the hassals corpuscles Macrophages- Phagocytosis of lymphocytes that are dead/used up foreign bodies Epithelial cells (nurse cells)- make thymic hormones, convert T lymphocytes to T cells Cortical epithelial cells- make up the stroma of the thyus, supporting framework
39
Describe the name and location of cell producing a) Cortisol b) Calcitonin c) Adrenalin d) Parathormone
a) Cortisol - spongiocytes of the zona fusciculate of the cotex of the adrenal gland b)Calctionin- Parafollicular cells in the follicle lining between cells of the thyroid c) Adrenaline- Chromaffin cells of the medulla of the adrenal gland d) Chief cells of the parathyroid gland
40
Charaterise all structures of pars nervosa of neurohypophysis
Fenestrated blood vessels Unmyelinated nerve fibres which extend into and make herring bodies Neuroglial cells-pituicytes Release hormones- ADH and Oxytocin
41
List the main endocrine cells of the pancrease & products
A cells- glucagon B cells- insulin D cells- somatostain G cells - Gastric PP cells- Pancreatic polypeptide
42
List all elements of the air- blood barrier
Alveolar epithelium with pneumocytes I (gas exchange O2 to CO2)

Histology (6 decks)

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