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USMLE step 1 > Histo > Flashcards

Histo Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

GEJ (Gastroesophageal junction)

A

strat. sq. epi (esophagus)–> columnar epi (stomach)

*** barrett esophagus (metaplasia from chronic acid exposure–> inc risk of esoph. cancer)

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2
Q

esophagus histo

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epi.

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3
Q

stomach histo

A

Simple columnar epi

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4
Q

upper esophageal sphincter is …

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

lower esophageal sphincter is

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

body of the stomach (cells and enzymes)

A

parietal cells –> HCL + intrinsic factor

chief cells –> pepsinogen

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7
Q

antrum of the stomach (cells and enzymes)

A

G cells – gastrin

mucus secreting cells –> bicarb + mucus

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8
Q

small intestine features

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • brush border (microvilli/enterocytes - lamina propria = absorptive)
  • crypts of lieberkuhn (invaginations of villi containing stem cells)
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9
Q

what types of cells do the stem cells found at the base of the crypts regenerate?

A 
paneth cells (immune)
goblet cells (mucus)
enteroendocrine (GI hormones)
enterocytes (brush border cells/microvilli)
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10
Q

Duodenum features

A
  • brunner glands (bicarb secretion)
  • 4 parts (1st is intraperitoneal)
  • 2nd- 4th parts = retroperitoneal
  • 2nd part is most important (receives secretions from bile duct (liver) and main pancreatic duct – chemical digestion
  • receives chyme from pyloric sphincter
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11
Q

where is most of the water that passes through the GI tract absorbed?

A

jejunum and ileum (small intestine)

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12
Q

jejunum features

A

folate + water absorption

most of plicae circulares (submucosal layer circular folds)

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13
Q

ileum features

A

vitamin B12, bile salt, water absorption

peyer patches (immune)

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14
Q

fundus features

A

mostly tubular neck cells - secrete mucus

some parietal and chief cells

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15
Q

rectum features

A
  • ampulla - distal portion
  • houston valves (transverse folds- holding shit)
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • anorectal junction
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16
Q

anal canal features

A

anorectal junction - separates anal stratified squamous epi (same as esophagus)

pectinate line
internal (involuntary)/external (voluntary)sphincters

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17
Q

what does the pectinate line do?

A

demarcates the division of the anal canal controlled by ANS (proximal 2/3rds) and somatics (distal 3rd)

18
Q

colon features

A

simple columnar epi
crypts
goblet cells
no villi

19
Q

AML characteristic cells

A

auer rods

20
Q

CML characteristic cells

A

metamyelocytes, basophils

21
Q

CLL/SLL (most common adult leukemia)- characteristic cells

A

smudge cells

22
Q

hairy b -cell lymphoma

A

hairy fuzzy b cell projections

23
Q

T-cell/B-cell ALL

A

inc lymphoblasts (peripheral blood smear and bone marrow)

*** big basophilic (dark purple cells)

24
Q

hodgkin lymphoma

A

reed-sternberg cells

25
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency (megaloblastic/ pernicious anemia)

A

hypersegmented neutrophils

26
Q

diffuse lupus nephritis

A

subENDOthelial deposits

27
Q

membranous nephropathy

A

subEPIthelial and intramembranous deposits

28
Q

PSGN/ acute-post infectious GN

A

subEPIthelial Humps

29
Q

MPGN

A

tram-track / splitting

membrane duplication

30
Q

systemic amyloidosis

A

apple-green birefringence under polarized light on congo red stain

31
Q

alport syndrome

A

lamina densa lamination (basket weave appearance)

32
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

kimmelstiel-wilson bodies; PAS + nodules

33
Q

papillary RCC

A

psammomma bodies

34
Q

fibromuscular dysplasia

A

string of beads on angiography

35
Q

denys drash/ wilms tumor

A

diffuse mesangial sclerosis

36
Q

oncocytoma

A

eosinophilic cells w/ many mitochondria

37
Q

chromophobe RCC

A

pale eosinophilic cytoplasm w/ halo around nucleus

38
Q

psammoma bodies

A

papillary serous (sporadic) endometrial carcinoma;
papillary thyroid carcinoma;
meningioma;
mesothelioma

39
Q

krunkenberg tumor (gastric tumor metz to ovary)

A

cells have large amounts of mucin with displaced nuclei –> signet ring appearance

40
Q

granulosa cell tumor of the ovary

A
  • inc estrogen + inhibin
  • large, unilateral yellow-adnexal mass - firm
  • post-menopausal bleeding + endometrial hyperplasia (indicative of inc estrogen)
  • call- exner bodies = granulosa cells form follicle-like structures around central eosinophilic material
  • granulosa cells: cuboidal cells w/ nuclear grooves (coffee bean nuclei)
41
Q

yolk sac tumors (endodermal sinus)

A

schiller-duval bodies- resemble glomeruli

- inc AFP

USMLE step 1 (14 decks)

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