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HIS 101 Final II Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Renaissance?

A

A cultural Rebirth

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2
Q

When did The Renaissance take place?

A

1300 - 1600 A.D.

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3
Q

Where did the Renaissance begin?

A

Italy

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4
Q

What were the characteristics or features of the Italian Renaissance?

A
  • Classicsm (Greco-Roman Heritage)
  • Theocentric vs homocentric views
  • Humanism as a literary movment
  • Philosophy
  • Arts
  • Concept of a Gentleman
  • Individualism, secularism, and fame
  • Universal man
  • Political science
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5
Q

How was man viewed during the Renaissance

A

Increasing in importance, the gap between man and god was narrowing

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6
Q

What was the Italian political climate like during the Renaissance?

A

Weak and disuntied, leaned toward a dictatorship, lots of use of the Condottiere, lots of domestic violence

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7
Q

What kind of era was the Italian renaissance?

A

Both a forward and backward looking era

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8
Q

what was clasicism?

A

Greek and Roman heritage

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9
Q

What does Homocentric mean?

A

Man as the center

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10
Q

What were the five main states in Italy during the Italian renaissance?

A

Venice, Florence, Milan, Papal States, and the kingdoms of the two Sicilies

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11
Q

What was Stendhal syndrome

A

You try and take in all the culture at once and you get overwhelmed and end up in the hospital

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12
Q

What was a bibliophile?

A

Someone who loved books

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13
Q

What was classical latin

A

Latin from the ancient world

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14
Q

What two languages did the italian renaissance revive?

A

Greek and hebrew

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15
Q

What was the largest library in the world?

A

The Vatican

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16
Q

Who were the Three great humanists?

A

Francesco Petrach, Boccacio, lorenzo valla

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17
Q

What were some of the Theoretical and practical developments that affected political science and government during the italian renaissance?

A

Balance of power, modern competative state system and CIA’s

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18
Q

What was humanism during the Italian Renaissance?

A

Revivial of classical latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Age of museums, displays, academies, and libraries, Love of the past

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19
Q

Who was the most popular ancient philosopher and why?

A

Plato, his emphasis on human potential and his idealized love and beauty

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20
Q

What was the importance of the gentleman during the Renaissance?

A

He replaced the knight, universaal man

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21
Q

How could you be trained to be a gentleman?

A

Read the classics, learn manners, learn military values, art of conversation, character development

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22
Q

What were the major features of Italian Art?

A

Painting was number 1, realism, individualism, emotion, better knowledge of the human body

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23
Q

Who were some famous painters?

A

Da vinci, Michelangelo, raphael

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24
Q

What were the trends in renaissance music?

A

Brass, religious and secular were respected the same, polyphonic, new instruments, court music, madrigal, status of the musician very high

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25
Q

who was the greatest musician of the Italian renaissance?

A

Palestrina

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26
Q

What style did the Renaissance Architects employe

A

Classical

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27
Q

What was the greatest architectural achievement of the Italian Renaissance?

A

St. Peter’s Basilica

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28
Q

What did sculptures hope to achieve during the Renaissance?

A

City planning, beautification and tools of power

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29
Q

Who were some famous architects and their notable works

A

Brunelleschi - The big dome thing

Michelangelo - St. Peters Basilica

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30
Q

How did the Renaissance spread across the ALps in the 15th and 16th centuries?

A
  • Northern Scholars studied in Italy
  • New Universities in the North
  • Northern Invasions of Italy
  • Printing press (Most important)
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31
Q

How does the Northern Renaissance compare with the Italian Renaissance

A
  • Less Brilliant
  • Shorter in duration
  • More Conservative
  • More Religious
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32
Q

What was Christian Humanism?

A

Interested in Church reform, education and better translations

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33
Q

Who was the “Prince of Humanists”?

A

Erasmus

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34
Q

Who were some of the famous Flemish and German painters of the Northern Renaissance?

A
  • Jan and Hubert Van Eyck
  • Pieter Brughal
  • Albrecht Durer
  • Hans Holbein
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35
Q

What novel artistic techniques did Flemish and German painters use?

A
  • Oil painting
  • Realism, Detail and use of color
  • Religious subject matter - wooden altar panels
36
Q

Why was the printing press the greatest invention of the age?

A

It was the greatest advance in the preservation of knowledge since the invention of writing

37
Q

Who was given credit for inventing the printing press?

A

Gutenberg?

38
Q

What role did the printing press play in the Renaissance and reformation?

A
  • They were both popularized by printing

* News can spread faster

39
Q

Who the led the way in the age of exploration and discovery?

A

Portugal and Spain

40
Q

WHere did Europeans have their greatest impact in the age of exploration and discovery?

A

The Americas

41
Q

What did the age of exploration and discovery do for Europe’s world affairs?

A

They started to lead the way until 1945

42
Q

What motivated the age of exploration and discovery?

A

Gold, Glory, and God

43
Q

Why were Europeans ready to embark on expansion

A

Technological advances: ships, navigational aids, advances in warfare

44
Q

Who was prince Henry the Navigator?

A

An excess son who set up a naval observatory and planned voyages for 48 years, became the father of the age of exploration and discovery

45
Q

What great accomplishment did Portuguese sailors achieve?

A

They go to India by going around Africa

46
Q

What kind of empire did the Portuguese establish in the age of exploration and discovery?

A

Commercial and trading empire

47
Q

What was Portugal’s great new World Possession?

A

Gold and Silver?

48
Q

Why is Columbus so important to this age?

A

He discovered central America for the Europeans

49
Q

What were the results of the Spanish domination in the New World?

A

Gold, African Slave Trade, 200k settlers, 200 towns, native Americans died by 90%

50
Q

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

A

First circumnavigator

51
Q

Who were the other European powers who participated in the age of exploration and discovery?

A

English, french, and dutch

52
Q

What resulted as more nations got involved in the Age of Exploration and discovery

A

International rivalries, World Wars, Intense economic competition

53
Q

What was mercantilism

A

The idea that power == money

54
Q

What was the main result off the Reformation?

A

The splitting of the Christian Church

55
Q

What were two fundemental questions debated during the reformation?

A

How is one saved and where does ultimate authority lie within Christianity?

56
Q

What were the long-range causes of the Reformation as the changing spirit of the times?

A

Church was viewed as outdated, church was seen as focusing on the afterlife rather than earthly matters, and the church was seen as restricting activities that groups favored

57
Q

What were the long-range causes of the Reformation in political issues?

A

Secular rulers rejecting the political claims of the papacy/church, clergy usually got special privileges, and the pope considered secular rather than “vicar of Christ”

58
Q

What were the long-range causes of the Reformation in economic roles?

A

Church restricted interest, secular rulers tempted to confiscate wealth, laymen resented church taxation, and secular rulers resented to the loss of revenue from their states to Rome

59
Q

What were the long-range causes of the Reformation in spiritual issues?

A

Church was accused of being too worldly, clergy often too absorbed in secular affairs, theology was often attacked for being too complex, and worship was criticized for being too formal

60
Q

What was the spark that ignited the reformation?

A

Luther’s 95 Thesis?

61
Q

Who was the first Protestant Reformer?

A

Luther

62
Q

How successful was Lutheranism

A

hella

63
Q

What was Lutheranism’s appeal?

A

Luther’s Charisma, Charles V’s occumpation, The Appeal to German nationalism, Roman Church’s Paralysis, the Impact of Mass media (Printing Press), Secular Ruler’s Support (Ultimate)

64
Q

How was Lutheranism Legalized?

A

The Peace of Augsburg

65
Q

Where did Lutheranism spread?

A

Northern Germany, Scandinavia

66
Q

Where did the reformation Begin?

A

Germany

67
Q

What situation did the Roman Church face by the middle of the 16th century?

A

The largest desertion in their ranks since their genesis

68
Q

Why did Catholic authorities fail to take effective action against the Protestants?

A
  • Wrong Leadership
  • Didn’t take the situation seriously
  • Fear of Contrarianism
69
Q

What were the religious options of Roman Catholicism at the beginning of the Reformation?

A

1) Go out of business
2) Compromise with the protestants
3) take a “Live and let live” attitude
4) Reform itself and be defiant towards the protestants

70
Q

What happened during the Pre-Luther phase (before 1517) of the Catholic reformation era?

A
  • Signs that the Roman Church was beginning to address the need for reform before 1517
  • Reform movements in Italy and Spain
71
Q

What happened during the post-luther phase (after 1517) of the Catholic reform era?

A
  • The Catholic Church realized the seriousness of the situation
  • Intensified/broadened internal reform
  • Committed efforts to battle the protestants
72
Q

What role did the papacy play during the Catholic Reformation era?

A

REFORM REFORM REFORM

73
Q

Why were the Jesuits so important?

A

They played the most critical role in the catholic reform?

74
Q

How successful was the catholic reform program?

A

pretty good since most people were still catholic in the end

75
Q

Why was Spain so powerful at the beginning of the 16th century?

A
  • Greatest political and military power
  • Wealthiest state
  • Greatest empire
  • Championed Catholicism
  • Greatest cultural era
76
Q

Who was the ruling family of Spain at the beginning of the 16th century?

A

Hapsburgs

77
Q

What were the aims of Charles V?

A

Keep control of his possessions and protect Catholicism

78
Q

What challenges did Charles V face?

A

His territories are scattered/not intact and they had diverse groups with numerous traditions, languages, and religions

79
Q

Why were Charles V’s ambitions thwarted?

A

He was occupied with politics while being invaded by the French, Ottoman Turks, and the Lutherans

80
Q

What happened after Charles V abdicated in 1556?

A

His empire was split between the Spanish Hapsburgs and Austrian Hapsburgs

81
Q

Who was Philip II?

A

Charles V’s son and predecessor

82
Q

What were successes that Philip II had during his reign?

A

Moved the capital, built Escorial, Annexed Portugal, Battle of Lepanto in 1571

83
Q

What were Philip II’s failures?

A

Continual bankruptcy, lack of economic base, loss of population, Philip’s management style, and the Netherlands

84
Q

What was the significance of the Dutch Revolt and the Spanish Armada?

A

The beginning of the end of Spanish Greatness, Rise of the British Royal Navy, English pride enhanced, Dutch won their freedom

85
Q

What was the political status of Spain by 1700?

A

No longer a member of the balance of power by 1700

86
Q

What were the goals of Philip II?

A

Be absolute ruler of Spain, keep Spain #1, and protect Catholicism

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