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HIS 101 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the renaissance?

A

A cultural rebirth

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2
Q

When id the renaissance take place?

A

1300 to 1600

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3
Q

Where did the renaissance begin?

A

Italy

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4
Q

What were the characteristics or features of the Italian Renaissance?

A

Greco roman heritage, Theocentric vs homocentric views, literacy movement-humanism, philosophy - plato, arts - classical style, concepts of a gentleman, individualism, and fame

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5
Q

How was man viewed during the renaissance?

A

Important as an idividual, encouraged to be a master in multiple trades

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6
Q

What was the Italian Political climate like during the renaissance?

A

Weak and disunited

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7
Q

What was humanism during the renaissance

A

Classicm, human potential, moral inspiration/guidance

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8
Q

Who were some famous Italian Humanists?

A

Petrarch, boccaccio, and lorenzo valla

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9
Q

Who was the most popular ancient philosopher during the Renaissance? Why?

A

Plato; his themes of human potential and dignity and he talked of idealized love and beauty

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10
Q

What was the importance of the gentleman during the renaissance?

A

He was the new knight

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11
Q

How could one be trained to be a gentleman

A

Reading certain books and going to school

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12
Q

What were the features of a gentleman?

A

Classics, the arts, manners, military prowess, art of conversation, nonchalance style

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13
Q

What were the major features of Italian renaissance architecture?

A

Beautification and city planning

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14
Q

What were the major features of renaissance art?

A

individualism and emotion

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15
Q

What style did the renaissance architects employ

A

Classical style

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16
Q

What was the greatest architectural achievement of the Italian Renaissance?

A

St. Peters basilica

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17
Q

What were trends in renaissance music?

A

Religious and secular themes, the violin, harpsichord and trombone

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18
Q

Who was the greatest musician of the renaissance?

A

Palestrina

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19
Q

How did the renaissance spread across the Alps in the 15th and 16th centuries?

A

Northern scholars studied in italy, new universities in the north, northern invasion of italy, printing press

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20
Q

How does the Northern Renaissance compare with the Italian renaissance

A

Less brilliant, shorter, more conservative, better translations

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21
Q

What was christian humanism?

A

interest in church reforms, education and better translations

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22
Q

who was the “Prince of Humanists”?

A

Eramus

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23
Q

What were some of the major developments and personalities of the Northern Renaissance in France?

A

Architecture and literature; Rabelais and Montaigne

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24
Q

What were some of the major developments and personalities of the Northern Renaissance in England?

A

Poetry, architecture, music, drama; Tudor, Shakespeare, Thomas more

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25
Q

What were some of the major developments and personalities of the Northern Renaissance in Spain?

A

Poetry, Archictecture, drama, music, novel; escorial, Lope de Vaga, Cervantes

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26
Q

Why was the printing press the greatest invention of the age?

A

Greatest advancement in the preservation of knowledge

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27
Q

Who is given credit for inventing it?

A

Gutenberg

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28
Q

What were the general characteristics of the Age of Exploration and discovery?

A

Second phase of European expansion, state sponsored ventures

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29
Q

Who led the way in the age of exploration and discovery?

A

Portugal and spain

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30
Q

Where did Europeans have their greatest initial impact?

A

Americas

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31
Q

What motivated the age of exploration and discovery?

A

Gold, Glory, and God

32
Q

Why is Columbus so important to the Age of Exploration and Discovery

A

Discovered America

33
Q

How were the spanish able to set up a worldwide empire so quickly?

A

The natives thought they were gods, superior weaponry, captured leaders

34
Q

What were the results of the Spanish domination in the new world?

A

WEALTH, African slave trade, 200 towns in the new world

35
Q

Who was ferdinand Magellan

A

First circumnavigator

36
Q

Who were the other European powers who participated in the age of expansion?

A

English, French, Dutch

37
Q

What resulted as more nations got involved in the Age of Exploration and Discovery/

A

Atlantic replaced the Med, commercial capitalism, expansion of geographic knowledge.

38
Q

What was the major result of the Reformation?

A

Split up the Christian Church

39
Q

Why was the reformation both a forward and backward looking movement?

A

looked back on the Golden age of the Christian Church and forward to the legacy of the church

40
Q

What were two FUNDEMENTAL questions asked during the Reformation?

A

How was one saved and where does ultimate authority lie in christianity

41
Q

What were the long range causes of the reformation in the changing spirit of the times?

A

Church was viewed as outdated

42
Q

What were the long range causes of the reformation in politics?

A

Secular rulers were rejecting political claims of the Church

43
Q

What were the long range causes of the reformation in economics?

A

Secular rulers were attempting to confiscate Church Wealth

44
Q

What were the long range causes of the reformation in Spirit?

A

Clergy was accused of being worldly, ignorant and immoral

45
Q

Who were some of the individuals and groups raising serious issues about the condition of the Roman Church around 1500?

A

Secular rulers, concilarists, humanists, heretics, mystics, educated lay people

46
Q

What was the spark that ignited the Reformation?

A

Luther’s 95 Thesis

47
Q

Who was the first Protestant Reformer?

A

Martin Luther

48
Q

How successful was Lutheranism?

A

VERY SUPER

49
Q

What was Lutheranism’ appeal?

A

That every person could be saved using just the bible and prayer

50
Q

How was Lutheranism Legalized?

A

The peace of Augsburg?

51
Q

Where did Lutheranism spread?

A

Germany

52
Q

Where did Protestantism take hold in Europe?

A

Germany

53
Q

What was the greatest problem Protestantism face?

A

Failure to Unite

54
Q

What were the major results of the Protestant Reformation?

A

Split up of the christian church and the set up of other reformations

55
Q

Why was Protestantism successful in the areas where it took root?

A

Protestant leadership and message, Roman church’s paralysis, support of secular rulers, and the printing press

56
Q

Where did Protestantism take root?

A

Most of Europe

57
Q

Why did catholic authorities fail to take effective action against the Protestants right away?

A

Wrong leadership, didn’t take the situation seriously, fear of conciliarism

58
Q

What were the religious options of Roman Catholicism at the beginning of the Reformation?

A

Go out of business, compromise with the protestants, take a “live and let live” attitude, reform itself, or be defiant towards the protestants

59
Q

What happened during the pre-Luther phase (before 1517) of the Catholic reform era?

A

Signs that the church was beginning to address the need for reform and the pre-Lutheran Program

60
Q

What happened during the Post-Luther phase (after 1517) of the Catholic reform era?

A

They intensified the internal reformation and committed efforts to battle the protestants

61
Q

Why were the Jesuits so important in the Catholic Reformation Era?

A

Pleasing Church services/sermons, Pioneered the Baroque architecture style, Pioneered the confession system, a SHIT load of plays and ballets (poor mans bible), Schoolmasters of Europe

62
Q

What came out of the council of Trent?

A

Reaffirmation of papal supremacy, Created the index of prohibited literature, Fixed the Role of the Bishop

63
Q

What position did the Catholic Church take in regard to Protestantism for the next 500 years?

A

A Fortress mentality

64
Q

Why was spain so powerful at the beginning of the 16th century?

A

Greatest military power, wealthiest state, the 1st global power, great cultural era for them

65
Q

What was spains relationship with the Catholic Church at the beginning of the 16th century?

A

Best buddies, ready to defend it

66
Q

Who was the ruling family of spain at the beginning of the 16th century?

A

Hapsburgs

67
Q

Why were the Hapsburgs the most powerful family in Europe between 1500 and 1650?

A

Marriages that gave them inheritance

68
Q

What were the aims of Charles V?

A

Keep his possessions/territory and protect Catholicism

69
Q

What challenges did Charles V face?

A

His territories were scattered/not intact and they had diverse groups with different traditions, languages and religions

70
Q

Why were Charles V’s ambitions thwarted?

A

As he was fighting one enemy, one other was trying to attack him

71
Q

What happened after Charles V abdicated in 1556?

A

His empire was split between his son and his brother

72
Q

Who was Philip II?

A

Charles V’s son

73
Q

What did Philip II aim to accomplish?

A

Protect Catholicism, keep Spain together, keep his power in Spain absolute

74
Q

What were successes that Philip II had during his reign?

A

Moved the capital to Madrid, build the escorial, annexed Portugal

75
Q

What were the failures of Philip II’s reign?

A

Continual bankruptcy, lack of economic base, loss of population, his management style

76
Q

What was the significance of the Dutch revolt and the Spanish Armada?

A

Beginning of the end of Spanish greatness, rise of the British Royal Navy, Dutch won independence

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