Hip, Thigh, Leg, Knee, Foot Flashcards
What is the largest and most superficial joint?
Knee Joint
What kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone
What are the three patellar stabilizers?
Vastus Medialis Insertion
Lateral Patellar Condyle
Joint Facets/Shape
What is the function of the bursae in the knee?
Provides lubrication
What happens with a Suprapatellar Bulge?
There is excess fluid inside the knee
What happens in a Baker’s Cyst?
The semimembranosus or synovial bursa behind the knee joint swells
What are the 6 dynamic stabilizers of the knee?
Medial Collateral Ligament Lateral Collateral Ligament Anterior Cruciate Ligament Posterior Cruciate Ligament Menisci Posterior Miniscofemoral Ligament (Lig. of Wrisberg)
Attachments of the Medial Collateral Ligament
Medial Femoral Epicondyle –> Superior Medial Surface of Tibia
The medial collateral ligament protects against what kind of force?
Valgus Force
Attachments of the Lateral Collateral Ligament
Lateral Femoral Epicondyle –> Lateral Sufface Head of Fibula
The Lateral Collateral Ligament protects against what kind of force?
Varus Force
Attachment of the ACL
Anterior intercondylar area of tibia -> Posterior Part
What is the second largest bone in the body?
Tibia
What kind of joint is the superior articulation of the tibia with the femoral condyle?
Synarthrosis
What kind of joint is the inferior articulation of the tibia with the talus?
Syndesmosis
How is the Fibula attached to the tibia?
Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
How does the Fibular articulate with the tibia?
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint and Distal Tibiofibular Joint
TF: The fibula directly articulates with the femur
False
The Tibia and Fibular are connected by (3)
Superior: Anterior Ligament of Fibular Head
Lateral: Interosseous Membrane
Inferior: Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament
Function of anterior compartment of leg
Ankle dorsiflexion and toe extension
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg (4)?
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Peroneus Tertius
Paralysis of the anterior compartment muscles leads to
Foot drop; inability to dorsiflex
What is the strongest dorsiflexor?
Tibialis anterior
Function of the Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extends big toe
Where does the Extensor digitorum longus insert?
2nd and 5th toes
What two muscles are included in the Lateral compartment of the leg?
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Origin and Insertion of Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus
O: Head and Proximal 2/3 of Lateral Fibula
I: Plantar base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Function of Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus
Netter: Everts foot; weakly plantarflexes foot at ankle
Trans: Helps steady leg on foot when standing
Origin and Insertion of Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis
O: Distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
I: Dorsal surface of tuberosity on lat. side of 5th metatarsal
Function of lateral compartment of leg
Pronation
The lateral compartment of the leg is bounded by (3)
Lateral Surface of Fibula
Deep Fascia
Anterior and Posterior Intermuscular Septa
Pulling of the Peronus Brevis causes what kind of fracture?
Ballet dancer’s fracture
What are the two compartments of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Superficial Posterior Compartment
Deep Posterior Compartment
What muscles make up the Superficial Posterior Compartment
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
(PlaGS)
This muscle is needed for the “push-off” phase of walking
Gastrocnemius
The “workhorse” of plantarflexion is
Soleus
The Triceps Surae
Gastrocnemius + Soleus
Function of the Superficial Posterior Compartment
Muscle movement that can lead to tip toes
Function of the Deep Posterior Compartment
Inversion and Supination
What muscle in the leg correlates to the Palmaris Longus of the UE?
Plantaris
The Plantaris inserts as the…
Calcaneous Tendon (Achilles Tendon)
What muscles make up the Deep Superficial Compartment?
Popliteus
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Tibialis Posterior
This muscle forms the interior part of the floor of the popliteal fossa
Popliteus
The populiteus originates from
Tendinous Origin: Lateral condyle of femur
The Flexor Hallucis Longus inserts
Tendon inserts into the big toe
The flexor Digitorum Longus inserts into…
Four lateral toes
What two muscles make up the “stirrup”
Tibialis Posterior and Peroneus Longus
The Sciatic Nerve is from the…
L4-S3 of saccral and coccygeal plexus
The Sciatic Nerve branches into what two nerves?
Common Peroneal Nerve (Lateral) Tibial Nerve (medial)
The Common Peroneal Nerve branches into the?
Superficial Peroneal Nerve
Deep Peroneal Nerve
What is innervated by the Superficial Peroneal Nerve
Lateral Compartment of Leg:
Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis
What is the cutaneous innervation of the Deep Peroneal Nerve?
Web between the hallux and second toe
What does the Deep Peroneal Nerve innervate?
Anterior compartment of leg and foot
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Fibularis Tertius (Peroneus Tertius)
- Extensor Digitorum Brevis
- Extensor Hallucis Brevis
What two nerves does the Tibial Nerve branch into?
Medial Plantar Nerve
Lateral Plantar Nerve
What passes through the Tarsal Tunnel?
Tibial Nerve
Tibial Artery
Deep Posterior Tendons
The tibial nerve innervates what structures?
Posterior compartment of leg
- Gastrocnemius
- Plantaris
- Soleus
- Popliteus
The Medial Plantar Nerve innervates what structures (5)?
Abductor Hallucis Flexor Digitorum Brevis Lumbricals (medial 1) Flexor Hallucis Brevis Skin of the medial side of the foot and sides of first three digits
The Lateral Plantar Nerve innervates what structures (6)?
Abductor Digiti Minimi Quadratus Plantae Lumricals (Lateral 3) Adductor Hallucis Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Skin on lateral part of sole to a line splitting the 4th digit
The union of what nerves leads to the Sural Nerve?
Branches of Tibial Nerve and Common Fibular Nerve
What does the Sural Nerve innervate?
Skin on lateral side of foot
The Saphenous Nerve is a branch of what nerve?
Longest cutaneous branch of Femoral Nerve
What does the saphenous nerve innervate?
Skin on anteromedial side of leg
Movement of dorsiflexion is limited by what?
Triceps Surae
Dorsiflexion is produced by what muscles?
Muscles in the anterior compartment
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Peroneus Tertius
Plantarflexion is produced by what muscles?
Muscles in the posterior compartment
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
The ankle is what kind of joint?
Talocrural articulation; hinge-type joint
What motions can the ankle do?
Inversion and Eversion
Pronation and Supination through tarsal joint
*Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
What are the three types of ligaments in the ankle?
Anterior and Posterior Inferior Tibulofibular Ligaments
Lateral Ligaments
Medial Ligaments
The anterior and posterior inferior tibulofibular ligaments are what kind?
Syndesmosis
The most commonly sprained ligament is…?
Anterior talofibular ligament (lateral)
What are the three types of Lateral Ligaments?
Anterior Talofibular Ligament
Posterior Talofibular Ligament
Calcaneofibular Ligament
From what to what does the anterior talofiular ligament run?
Anteromedially from Lateral Malleolus to Neck of the Talus
From what to what does posterior talofibular ligament run?
Horizontally medially and slightly posteriorly from Malleolar Fossa to Lateral Tubercle of Talus
From what to what does the Calcaneofibular Ligament run?
Posteroinferiorly from Tip of Lateral Malleolus to Lateral Surface of Calcaneus
What are the seven tarsals of the foot?
Talus, Calcaneus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiform (3)
The Talus transmits weight from what to what?
Tibia to Calcaneus
The largest and strongest bone in the foot is the what bone?
Calcaneus
The calcaneus transmits weight from what to what?
Talus to the ground
Which of the three tubercles contacts the ground?
Medial
The Chopart’s Joint is between which two bones?
Talus and Calcaneus
Which bone in the ankle has no muscular or tendinous attachments?
Talus
The keystone in the arch of the foot is which bone?
Navicular
The Hamstrings are strong ___ of the knee.
Flexors
Also help in extension of hip/thigh.
What two branches form the sural nerve and from where do they come from?
Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerve: Tibial Nerve
Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve: Common Peroneal Nerve
The True Method for measurement uses the:
ASIS to Medial Malleolus
The Apparent Method for measurement uses the:
Medial Malleolus to any part in the midline (umbilicus)
Which part of the pelvic girdle is not palpable?
Lesser Trochanter
Which part of the pelvic Girdle forms the dimples?
PSIS
The two types of joints in the pelvic girdle are:
Symphysis
Syndesmosis
What are the four ligaments of the pelvis?
Sacroiliac Ligament: From Sacrum
Iliolumbar Ligament: From lumbar spine
Sacrospinous Ligament: From sacrum going to spine of ischium
Sacrotuberos Ligament: Sacrum going to ischial tuberosit
The Greater and Lesser Sciatic Notches are made by which two ligaments?
Sacrospinous and Sacrotuberous Ligaments
What passes through the Greater Sciatic Notch?
Piriformis
Superior/Inferior GLuteal Vessels and Nerve
Sciatic and Post. Femoral Cutaneous Nerves
Internal Pudendal Vessels and Nerves
What passes through the Lesser Sciatic Notch?
Obturator Internus Tendon
Internal Pudendal Vessels
Pudendal Nerve
The hip joint is what type of joint?
Enarthrosis
TF: The Acetabulum is completely covered by hyaline cartilage?
False
What supplies 20% of blood to the head of the femur?
Ligamentum Teres Artery
Pathway of Greater Sephenous Vein
Medial Side of foot -> Behind medial femoral condyle -> Medial Side of thigh -> FEMORAL VEIN
What two veins form the Greater Sephenous Vein
Dorsal Vein of Hallux
Venous Arch of Foot
What are the three Inguinal Tributaries?
Superficial Circumflex Iliac v.
Superficial Epigastric v.
Superficial Ext. Pudendal V.
Pathway of Lesser Saphenous Vein
Lateral part of foot -> Ankle -> Posterior to leg -> POPLITEAL VEIN
The Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (L2, L3) becomes superficial after passing through the ___.
Inguinal Ligament
The Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (L2, L3) innvervates the
Lateral side of the thigh
Lesion of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (L2, L3) will cause…
Lack of sensation in the lateral side of the thigh
The two branches of the Genitofemoral Nerve (L1, L2) are:
Sensory Nerve (femoral Branch) Motor Nerve
The Sensory Nerve of the Genitofemoral Nerve gives sensation to
Anterior Inguinal Side
The Motor Nerve of the Genitofemoral Nerve causes what reflex
Cremasteric Reflex (Scrotum)
The Motor Nerve of the Genitofemoral Nerve also innervates the…
Superiormedial part of the thigh
The Anterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve and the Saphenous Nerve both come from the…
Femoral Nerve
The Anterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve innervates the
Anterior side of thigh
The Saphenous Nerve innervates the
Medial side of Leg
The Cutaneous branch of Obturator Nerve (L2, L4) innervates the
Medial side of the thigh
The Cutaneous Branch of Obturator Nerve (L2, L4) travels through the
Obturator Foramen
What are the Anterior Cutaneous Nerves? (5)
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Genitofemoral Nerve Anterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Saphenous Nerve Cutaneous Branch of Obturator Nerve
What are the three Posterior Cutaneous Nerves?
Cluneal Nerves
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves
Sural Nerve
Where do the Cluneal Nerves innervate?
Gluteal Area
Where does the Superior Cluneal Nerve come from?
Dorsal Rami of first three LUMBAR vertebra
Where does the Middle Cluneal Nerve come from
Dorsal Rami of first three SACRAL Vertebra
Where does the Inferior Cluneal Nerve come from?
Branch from Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
The Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve innervates the
Posterior aspect of thigh, knee, and leg
The Lateral Sural Nerve innervates the
Lateral aspect of the leg
The Lateral Sural Nerve branches from the
Common Peroneal Nerve
The Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerve innervates the
Posterolateral aspect of leg
The Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerve branches from the
Tibial Nerve
What is the condition when the antiversion of the femur is 125?
125: Coxa Valga
High antiversion leads to what kind of condition?
“Piki”/”Toeing in”
Toeing in is caused by the ____ of the femur.
Internal Rotation
What is the strongest and biggest ligament connecting the pelvis and femur?
Iliofemoral
The iliofemoral ligament prevents ____.
Hyper-extending