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OS 203: Skin, Muscle, and Bones > Exercise Physio > Flashcards

Exercise Physio Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three systems of ATP generation?

A

Phosophocreatine System
Glycolytic System
Aerobic System

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2
Q

What is Phosphocreatine?

A

High-energy cmpd in muscle used to generate ATP by donating a phosphate to ADP

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3
Q

How much ATP is made from 1 mol of PCr?

A

1 mol ATP

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4
Q

What is the fastest mechanism for ATP regen during muscle activity?

A

Direct Phosphorylation

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5
Q

What kind of activities would use the PCr System?

A

Activities that require only a few seconds (8-10 seconds)

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6
Q

What is the Glycolytic System?

A

ATP production in the cytoplasm via breakdown of glycogen in the absence of oxygen

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7
Q

What is produced during the Glycolytic System?

A

Lactic Acid

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8
Q

How much ATP is produced from 1 mol Glucose?

A

2 mol ATP

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9
Q

What kind of activities would use the glycolytic system?

A

Moderate-duration exercise (1-3 minutes to an hour)

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10
Q

WHat is the Aerobic System?

A

ATP Synthesis in the Mitochondria involving the oxidation of CHO, Fatty Acids, or Amino Acids derived from food, which entire the cycle as Acetyl CoA and yield ATP through the Electron Transport Chain

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11
Q

How much ATP is formed with 1 mol of glucose?

A

36 (30-32) ATP

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12
Q

What is the slowest mechanism for regenerating ATP during muscle activity?

A

Aerobic Respiration

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13
Q

What are two types of endogenous fuel sources?

A

Fats and Glycogen

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14
Q

What are two types of exogenous fuel sources?

A

Free fatty acids, glucose

from food

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15
Q

What are the three parameters of exercise?

A

Speed, Endurance, Strength

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16
Q

TF: Strength is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the muscle

A

True

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17
Q

Which generates more strength? Pennate Muscles or Fusiform Muscles. Why?

A

Pennate Muscles because they have more insertions -> More Force

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18
Q

What is recruitment?

A

Proper sequencing of discharge of motor units

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19
Q

What two factors influence recruitment?

A

Degree of motor unit firing

Frequency of firing

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20
Q

What is the Size Principle?

A

Slow smaller muscle fibrs before bigger and fast muscles contract

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21
Q

What is the synchronization ratio?

A

Degree to which motor units fire simultaneously to produce maximum tension

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22
Q

Which type of sports use Type 1 Muscles?

A

Light exercise, endurance

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23
Q

Which type of sports use Type 2 Muscles?

A

Moderate to severe (sports that require speed)

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24
Q

What is the Equilibrium Length of a muscle?

A

Length of muscle when extracted from the body

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25
Q

What is the Resting Length of a muscle?

A

Length of the muscle when body is at rest; Point of maximum tension from active and passive tension forces in the muscle

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26
Q

Which is longer? Resting or Equilibrium Length?

A

Resting Length is slightly more stretched

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27
Q

Which generates greater force? Muscle at Equilibrium Length or Resting Length?

A

Resting Length

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28
Q

What kind of exercises should one do to train for strength?

A

Lengthening Contraction Exercises (more force)

Isometric Exercise

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29
Q

What kind of exercises should be done to train for flexibility?

A

Shortening contractions

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30
Q

To exhibit the greatest force, one must show what type of contraction?

A

Rapid eccentric contraction

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31
Q

To exhibit the least force, what type of contraction?

A

Rapid concentric contraction

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32
Q

TF: If a muscle insertion is further, less force is exerted?

A

False

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33
Q

What kind of activities use Type 1 muscles?

A

Slow sustained activities; jogging, cycling, endurance

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34
Q

What kind of activities use Type 2 muscles?

A

Rapid powerful movements

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35
Q

What is strength?

A

Maximum force a muscle can do

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36
Q

What is endurance?

A

Ability to sustain an effort over time

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37
Q

If there is fast shortening of a muscle, what happens to the force?

A

Drops

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38
Q

If there is fast lengthening of a muscle, what happens to the force?

A

Increases

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39
Q

TF: If one exhibits less than 15% of max, one can theoretically go on for forever.

A

True

40
Q

Which fibers are important in endurance activities?

A

Type 1 Fibers

41
Q

What are the two types of endurance?

A

Muscular Endurance

General/Total Endurance

42
Q

What is muscular endurance?

A

Ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly or to generate and sustain tension

43
Q

What type of fibers do speed activities require?

A

Type II Fibers

44
Q

What is specificity?

A

Practicing a desired movement

45
Q

What is overload?

A

Stress beyond usual requirements for greater efficiency

46
Q

TF: Specificity exceeds overload.

A

False

47
Q

What type of intensity should one do while training for endurance events?

A

High reps, but low intensity

48
Q

What type of intensity should one do while training for strength?

A

Low reps, but high intensity

49
Q

Which type of muscle fiber fatigues earlier?

A

Type 2

50
Q

TF: When fatigued, there is an increase in acetylcholine in the NMJ.

A

False; decrease

51
Q

What is the essential role of the cardiovascular system in exercise?

A

Deliver oxygen/nutrients to muscles
Remove CO2 and metabolic products
Dissipate heat

52
Q

What is the percentage of the blood flow of the heart during exercise?

A

Forever 4% even while the absolute amount changes

53
Q

The brain always maintains how much mL/min?

A

750 mL/min even while the proportion changes

54
Q

Blood flow to active muscles ____, while blood flow to inactive muscles ______.

A

Increase; decrease

55
Q

Cardiac output increases _____ with O2 consumption.

A

Linearly

56
Q

Distribution of bloodflow of the heart

A

Remains the same 4% (but absolute amount increases)

57
Q

Distribution of blood flow to the brain

A

Remains the same at 750 mL (but proportion decreases)

58
Q

Distribution of blood flow to active muscles

A

Increases

59
Q

Distribution of blood flow to inactive muscles

A

Decreases

60
Q

Distribution of blood flow to skin

A

Increases

61
Q

Distribution of blood flow to splanchnic muscles

A

Decreases

62
Q

Distribution of blood flow to others

A

Decreases

63
Q

Cardiac bloodflow

A

Increases

64
Q

TF: If one does not cool down , you may get syncope due to blood volume in the brain decreasing.

A

True

65
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood put out by heart.

66
Q

Cardiac Output increases ____ with O2 consumption.

A

Linearly

67
Q

Cardiac output increases in _____ to intensity of exercise.

A

Proportion

68
Q

Cardiac Output can also be measured by the…

A

Max VO2

69
Q

What is the Max VO2?

A

Measure of the aerobic capacity of an individual to work

70
Q

What is the Stroke Volume?

A

Amount of blood that is pumped out as the ventricles empty during systole.

71
Q

Trained individuals exhibit ____ heart rate, but ___ stroke volume.

A

Slower, increased

72
Q

What are the two mechanisms that regulate stroke volume?

A

Intrinsic Frank-Starling Mechanism

Neurohormonal: Sympathetic Catecholamines

73
Q

What is the Intrinsic Frank-Starling Mechanism?

A

Refers to the intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood

74
Q

How does the neurohormonal mechanism work?

A

Sympathetic Catecholamines increase cardiac contractility -> greater systolic emptying -> greater stroke volume

75
Q

TF: Systolic pressure increases more than diastolic pressure.

A

True

76
Q

Characteristics of an athlete’s heart

A

Hypertrophy
Runners and Swimmers: LV volume increased, Ventricular wall thickness normal

Resistance Athletes (strength): LV volue normal; Ventricular wall thickness increased

77
Q

Ventilation is controlled in two ways by physical activity:

A 
Skeletal muscles and joints
Chemical Stimuli (pO2 and pCO2)
78
Q

What is the effect of a rise in temperature on ventilation?

A

Lower acidity of fluids
Enhance H+ activity -> Increase CSF acidity
Sensitize Peripheral Chemoreceptors in Arteries

79
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Ventilation > Metabolic Needs

80
Q

Hyperventilation can cause…

A

Restricted venous return, decreased blood supply in brain, fainting or dizziness

81
Q

What happens to the exchange of gases during exercise?

A

Alveolar L2 pressure increases and alveolar CO2 pressure decreases
Venous PO2 decreases and Venous PCO2 increases

82
Q

How does exercise influence the diffusing capacity in the lungs?

A

Physical training -> Larger lung volumes -> Increased SA between alveoli and capillaries -> Improved diffusion

83
Q

How do temperature and acidity effect hemoglobin saturation?

A

Temp rise and pH drop -> lowered O2 affinity of Hemoglobin -> more O2 available to exercising muscles

84
Q

During Submaximal exercise, what happens to plasma glucose and insulin?

A

Declines

85
Q

Submax Exercise: What happens after a drop occurs in plasma glucose?

A

Accelerated increase of glucagon

86
Q

Submax Exercise: An increase in glucagon will cause

A

hepatic glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) to occur -> increased plasma glucose

87
Q

Submax Exercise: What causes insulin to decline

A

Alpha adrenergic inhibition of pancreatic beta cells

88
Q

Submax Exercise: A decline in insulin leads to

A

Decreased Hepatic Glycogen synthesis
Diminish glucose uptake in non-exercising tissues
Release the inhibition on FFA metabolism allowing Lipolysis to proceed

89
Q

Submax Exercise: What happens to catecholamines at early stages of exercise?

A

Increases

90
Q

Submax Exercise: Catecholamine increase will cause

A
  • Enhanced liver and muscle glycogenolysis -> increased CHO
  • Inhibit pancreatic secretion of insulin
  • Stimulate adipose tissue Lipolysis -> increase plasma FFA
91
Q

Submax Exercise: What happens to growth hormone and cortisol levels?

A

Increases

92
Q

Submax Exercise: What does cortisol do?

A

Activates epinephrine effect on hepatic glycogenolysis

93
Q

Submax Exercise: GH and cortisol will…

A

Impair insulin action

94
Q

Moderate intensity: HGO and peripheral glucose usage is…

A

Equal

95
Q

Moderate intensity: TF - Steady state condition is dependent of the changes in insulin and glucagon concentration

A

False; independent

96
Q

High-Intensity: HGO ___ peripheral glucose usage

A

exceeds –> Hyperglycemia

97
Q

A precompetition meal should be

A

High in CHO (immediate energy source)

Low fats/proteins (digest slowly)

OS 203: Skin, Muscle, and Bones (4 decks)

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