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Block 3 Week 2 Meg > Highison: Digestive Glands > Flashcards

Highison: Digestive Glands Flashcards

1
Q

These cells produce, store, and release digestive enzymes

A

pancreatic acinar cells

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2
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells also produce this to protect the cell from intracellular activation of trypsin

A

trypsin inhibitor

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3
Q

What two things affect the release of enzymes from pancreatic acinar cells?

A

hormones

parasympathetic innervation

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4
Q

Two cell types of the exocrine pancreas

A

pancreatic acinar cells

centroacinar cells

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5
Q

These cells are modified intercalated duct cells

A

centroacinar cells

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6
Q

Where are centroacinar cells located?

A

within the acinus

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7
Q

What do centroacinar cells produce? What does this do?

A

bicarbonate-rich buffer, which adjusts the acidic chyme to optimal pH for major pancreatic enzymes

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8
Q

Are striated ducts and myoepithelial cells located in the exocrine pancreas?

A

No

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9
Q

These are scattered among the exocrine secretory acini

A

islets of Langerhans

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10
Q

3 principle cell types in the pancreatic islets and what does each produce

A
  1. alpha cells (glucagon)
  2. beta cells (insulin)
  3. delta cells (somatostatin)
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11
Q

Where are alpha cells located? What do they release? What is their function?

A

in the periphery of the islets
glucagon
increase blood sugar

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12
Q

Where are beta cells located? What do they release? What is their function?

A

concentrated in central region of islets, but scattered throughout
insulin
decrease blood sugar

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13
Q

Are there more alpha cells or beta cells in the pancreas?

A

beta

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14
Q

Within the pancreatic acinar cell, inactive proenzymes are synthesized in the (blank) of the pancreatic acinar cells and transferred to the (blank) where they are concentrated in vesicles to form (blank).

A

Rough ER; golgi apparatus; zymogen granules

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15
Q

Each zymogen granule contains several (blank)

A

pancreatic enzymes

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16
Q

Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is controlled by enteroendocrine cells present in the (blank) and also by hormones synthesized in the (blank)

A

duodenum; islets of Langerhans (endocrine pancreas)

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17
Q

Each islet of Langerhans is supplied by afferent arterioles forming a network of capillaries called the (blank).

A

insuloacinar portal system

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18
Q

What is the independent arterial system called that supplies the pancreatic acini?

A

acinar vascular system

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19
Q

What prevents the leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the intercellular space?

A

apical tight junctions

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the insuloacinar portal system?

A

Enables hormones produced in the islets to have a local action on the exocrine pancreas

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21
Q

Is the liver an endocrine or exocrine organ?

A

Both

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22
Q

The liver has very little of this

A

connective tissue

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23
Q

The liver is made up of plates of these

A

hepatocytes

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24
Q

There are two blood supplies to the liver. What supplies 25% of the blood flow? What supplies 75% of the blood flow?

A

hepatic arteries; portal vein

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25
Q

How does blood leave the liver?

A

hepatic veins

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26
Q

What flows countercurrent to blood flow in the liver?

A

Bile and lymph

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27
Q

What are the hexagon-shaped portions of hepatocytes called?

A

classic lobules

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28
Q

What is the area called where three classic lobules join each other

A

portal area

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29
Q

What four things are found in the portal area?

A
  1. hepatic artery
  2. portal vein
  3. interlobular bile duct
  4. lymphatic vessels
30
Q

How does blood flow leave the lobules of the hepatocyte?

A

Each lobule has a central vein that drains blood from every sinusoid of that lobuleq

31
Q

What is the vein called at the center of each hepatic lobule?

A

sublobular vein

32
Q

What is the liver acinus model of hepatic lobules based on? What is it?

A

Blood flow; 3 poorly defined areas surround each distributing artery in the center of the 3 lobules. Zone 3 is closest to the central vein and is the most oxygen poor. Zone 1 is closest to the artery and is the richest in oxygen.

33
Q

Is oxygen content higher in zone 1 or zone 3?

A

zone 1

34
Q

Structural unit that provides the best correlation between blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology

A

liver acinus

35
Q

Which zone is first to receive O2, nutrients, and toxins
First to show signs of morphological changes after bile duct occlusion
In ischemia, last to die, first to regenerate

A

Zone 1

36
Q

Which zone is first to show ischemic necrosis in cardiac cirrhosis.
Centrolobular necrosis due to hypoxia in CHF.
First to show fat accumulation.

A

Zone 3

37
Q

The liver of a patient with congestive heart failure shows a distinct pattern of liver necrosis. What is this referred to as?

A

centrolobular necrosis

38
Q

Which cells, perilobular (peripheral) or centrolobular, receive nutrients first after feeding?

A

perilobular (nearest the junction of 3 hepatocytes where blood flow is present)

39
Q

Which cells, perilobular (peripheral) or centrolobular, are the first to respond to glucose-poor blood by breaking down glycogen into glucose?

A

perilobular

40
Q

Hepatocytes have an abundance of these three things

A

free ribosomes
rough ER
golgi apparatus

41
Q

Where are several sets of golgi apparatuses located in hepatocytes?

A

near the bile canaliculi

42
Q

These cells have as many as 2000 mitochondria, well developed rER, and many endosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes

A

hepatocytes

43
Q

In which zone is the smooth ER concentration the highest? When does the concentration of SER increase?

A

In zone 3; in the presence of drugs and toxins

44
Q

How is the site of detoxification usually inactivated in hepatocytes?

A

by methylation, conjugation, or oxidation

45
Q

The smooth ER in hepatocytes is highly developed. It is always associated with these.

A

clusters of glycogen molecules which are a glucose reserve for the maintenance of sugar concentration in blood.

46
Q

The rough ER in hepatocytes is involved in the synthesis of these

A

plasma proteins (ex: albumin)

47
Q

The smooth ER has an important function in detoxification. How?

A

Enzymes necessary for the detoxification of drugs reside in the membrane of the smooth ER.

48
Q

Two domains of hepatocytes

A

lateral

sinusoidal

49
Q

This domain is covered with microvilli

Separated by elaborate intercellular spaces that form up the bile canaliculi

A

lateral domain (apical)

50
Q

This domain has microvilli that project into the space of Disse

A

sinusoidal domain (basolateral)

51
Q

What is the purpose of the microvilli that project into the space of Disse?

A

they increase the surface area by a factor of 6

facilitate exchange of material between hepatocyte and space of Disse

52
Q

There are 6 major functions of hepatocytes

A
  1. produce circulating plasma proteins
  2. store and convert several vitamins and iron
  3. metabolic pathways
  4. degrades drugs and toxins
  5. bile production (exocrine function)
  6. modify structure and protein of many hormones (endocrine)
53
Q

Two blood supplies that empty into liver sinusoids?

A

hepatic artery

portal vein

54
Q

Hepatic sinusoids are lined by two cell types

A
  1. discontinuous endothelial cells

2. phagocytic cells of Kupffer

55
Q

What do Kupffer’s cells do?

A

phagocytose blood-borne foreign particulate matter and old RBCs

56
Q

Where do hepatic sinusoids lie? Where do they empty into?

A

in between hepatic plates

empty directly into central veins

57
Q

Site of exchange of materials between blood and hepatocytes. Separates the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes from circulating blood of the hepatic sinusoid.

A

perisinusoidal space (space of Disse)

58
Q

How does plasma enter the space of Disse?

A

passes through openings between epithelial cells

59
Q

What occurs at the microvillus covered free surface of hepatocytes?

A

absorption of nutrients, oxygen, toxins into space of Disse and release of metabolic products and endocrine secretions

60
Q

Also serves as the liver’s lymphatic system

A

space of Disse

61
Q

store Vitamin A

Differentiate into myofibroblasts and synthesize collagen leading to liver fibrosis in pathological conditions

A

hepatic stellate cells

62
Q

Hepatic plates are separated by these structures

A

bile canaliculi

63
Q

Three layers of the gall bladder

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. adventitia AND serosa
64
Q

What epithelium make up the mucosa of the gall bladder? What is found on the epithelium?

A

simple columnar; apical microvilli

65
Q

Concentration of bile occurs in the mucosa of the gall bladder. What does it require? What is found on the lateral surface to facilitate water reabsorption from bile?

A

coupled transport of salt and water; Na+ pump

66
Q

What two layers are NOT present in the gall bladder?

A

muscularis mucosae

submucosa

67
Q

What is the muscularis of the gall bladder made up of?

A

interwoven smooth muscle

68
Q

What causes the muscularis of the gall bladder to contract? What triggers this action?

A

release of CCK be enteroendocrine cells; dietary fat

69
Q

What layer of the gall bladder attaches it to the liver?

A

adventitia

70
Q

What covers the free peritoneal surface of the gall bladder?

A

serosa

Block 3 Week 2 Meg (8 decks)

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