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08 Neuro > Higher Cortical Functions > Flashcards

Higher Cortical Functions Flashcards

1
Q

assigned functions and cortical regions

A

pre- and post-rolandic zones: motor and sensory activities
striate occipital zones: visual perception
superior temporal gyri: auditory

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2
Q

two cell types that predominate in the neocortex

A 
pyramidal cells (large)
rounded (granular) cells (smaller and more numerous)
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3
Q

two main types of neocortex

A

homotypical: six layers can be seen
heterotypical: has association cortex (large areas not committed to any functions)

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4
Q

locations of the granular cortex

A

primary sensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
banks of the calcarine sulcus
transverse gyri of heschl (layers 2 and 4 are developed for afferent impulses)

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5
Q

what are giant cells of betz

A

largest cells of the granular cortex

gives rise to some of motor fibers in CST

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6
Q

locations of agranular cortex

A

frontal motor cortex (precentral cortex: areas 4 and 6)

layer 5

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7
Q

how to distinguish agranular cortex

A

more pyramidal than granular cells, especially in layer 5

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8
Q

four general functional categories of the brain

A

sensory
motor
unimodal association cortex
multimodal association cortex

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9
Q

projections of the sensory nerves

A

thalamocortical fibers -> primary sensory areas
ventral posterior complex (thalamus) -> primary somatosensory cortex (PCG)
lateral geniculate nucleus -> primary visual cortex
medial geniculate nucleus -> primary auditory cortex

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10
Q

motor function: _____ tract

sensory function: ___ tracts

A

motor: descending CST
sensory: ascending spinothalamic and dorsal column medial lemniscus

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11
Q

function of unimodal association areas

A

devoted to higher level of information processing via corticocortical fibers

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12
Q

locations of unimodal association areas

A

visual unimodal association cortex: visual cortex
somatosensory association cortex: posterior to post-central gyrus
auditory association cortex: superior temporal gyrus next to primary auditory cortex

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13
Q

function of multimodal association areas

A

coordinate farther regions

  • communication with language
  • reasoning
  • extrapolating future events based on present experience
  • making complex and long range plans
  • imagination
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14
Q

basic flow of afferent and efferent stimuli integration

A

primary sensory cortex (afferent stimulation)
unimodal sensory association areas (nearby)
multimodal sensory association areas (more than one sense)
multimodal motor association area
premotor area (planning)
primary motor cortex (implementation)

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15
Q

cerebral hemisphere that controls language

A

dominant hemisphere (usually left)

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16
Q

t/f almost all right handed individuals and half of left handed individuals are left cerebral dominant

A

true

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17
Q

what is wada test

A

to test for hemisphere dominance

  • inject sodium amytal into internal carotid artery
  • produce arrest of speech for 30s in dominant side
  • important before temporal lobectomy for epilepsy
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18
Q

responsible for the motor cortex (contralateral movement of the face, arm, leg, trunk)

A

precentral gyrus

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19
Q

serves as the expressive center for speech in the dominant hemisphere

A

broca’s area

20
Q

area for contralateral head and eye turning

A

supplementary motor area

21
Q

for cortical inhibition of bladder and bowel voiding

A

paracentral lobule

22
Q

result of impairment in precentral gyrus

A

monoplegia or hemiplegia

23
Q

result of damage to broca’s area

A

broca’s dysphasia

24
Q

result of damage to supplementary motor area

A

paralysis of head and eye to opposite side (head turns towards diseased hemisphere and eye look in the same direction)

25
Q

result of damage to pre-frontal areas

A 
orbitofrontal syndrome
frontal convexity syndrome
medial frontal syndrome
primitive reflexes
disturbance of gait (apraxia)
resistance to passive movements of the limbs
26
Q

symptoms of orbitofrontal syndrome

A

disinhibition
poor judgment
emotional lability

27
Q

symptoms of frontal convexity syndrome

A

apathy
indifference
poor abstract thought

28
Q

symptoms of medial frontal syndrome

A

akinetic, incontinent, sparse verbal output

29
Q

result of damage to paracentral lobule

A

urine and fecal incontinence

30
Q

expressive center for speech

A

supramarginal and angular gyri of the dominant hemisphere

31
Q

dominant vs non-dominant parietal lobe functions

A

dominant: calculation

non-dominant: body image, awareness of external environment, visual/proprioceptive skills

32
Q

result of damage to sensory cortex

A

postural sensation, passive movement, and accurate localization of light touch disturbed
discrimination between one and two points lost
difficulty in appreciation of size, shape, texture, and weight
perceptual rivalry

33
Q

Gertsmann’s syndrome on non-dominant side

A

anosognosia (unaware of opposite side)
dressing apraxia
geographical agnosia
constructional apraxia

34
Q

Gertsmann’s syndrome on dominant side

A

finger agnosia
acalculia
agraphia

35
Q

result of damage to optic radiation in parietal lobe

A

lower homonymous quadrantanopia

36
Q

function of auditory cortex

A

dominant: hearing language

non dominant: hearing sounds, rhythm, music

37
Q

function of middle and inferior temporal gyri

A

learning and memory

38
Q

function of limbic lobe

A

olfaction and emotional behavior

incorporation of inferior frontal and medial parietal structures

39
Q

result of damage to auditory cortex

A 
cortical deafness
auditory hallucinations (temporal lobe disease)
40
Q

result of damage to optic radiation in temporal lobe

A

upper homonymous quadrantanopia

41
Q

result of damage to limbic lobe

A

olfactory hallucination with complex partial seizure

42
Q

result of damage to middle and inferior temporal gyri

A

disturbance of memory/learning

43
Q

primary visual cortex (perception of vision)

A

striate cortex

44
Q

association visual cortex

A

parastriate cortex

45
Q

result of damage to striate cortex

A

extensive bilateral cortical lesions = cortical blindness

46
Q

anton’s syndrome

A

involvement of striate and parastriate cortices

- damaged interpretation of vision

47
Q

balint’s syndrome

A

bilateral parieto-occipital lesions = inability to direct voluntary gaze
associated with visual agnosia

08 Neuro (24 decks)

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