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08 Neuro > 01 Kutkot Kokote > Flashcards

01 Kutkot Kokote Flashcards

1
Q

a single discrete neuroanatomical locus that can account for all the signs and symptoms

A

focal lesion

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2
Q

involves more than one locus, but loci remain discrete

A

multifocal lesion

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3
Q

indicates widespread dysfunction of a part of the nervous system

A

diffuse localization

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4
Q

negative symptoms

A 
reduction of function (weakness, numbness)
complete loss (paralysis, analgesia)
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5
Q

positive symptoms

A

brief and very intense/paroxysmal (seizures)

episodic and recurrent (hemifacial spasm)

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6
Q

loss of function that may be defined on examination

A

deficit

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7
Q

spell

A

transient and self-limited abnormality

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8
Q

sudden/ abrupt/ acute onset

A

seconds to hours

can be vascular, traumatic, or physiologic

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9
Q

subacute onset

A

days to weeks

can be infectious, toxic, or metabolic

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10
Q

insidious, gradual onset

A

months to years

can be degenerative, neoplastic, or nutritional

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11
Q

recurrent-remittent onset

A

episodic attacks with recovery in between

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12
Q

chronic progressive onset

A

months to years

implies gradual deterioration

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13
Q

umn weaknesses

A 
due to interruption of corticospinal/bulbar tracts
increased tone (spastic)
increased reflexes
(+) babinski
(-) atrophy
(-) fasciculation
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14
Q

lmn weaknesses

A 
due to involvement of spinal anterior horn (or CN) itself and all distal parts
dec tone
dec reflexes
(-) babinski
(+) atrophy
(+) fasciculation
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15
Q

in central lesions ___ is interrupted and ___ is weak

A

corticobulbar fibers, contralateral lower face

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16
Q

in peripheral lesions ___ is interrupted and ___ is weak

A

nucleus/CN itself, ipsilateral forehead and lower face

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17
Q

tract for position and vibration sensation

A

ipsilateral posterior column

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18
Q

tract for pain, non-discriminating touch, and temp

A

contralateral spinothalamic tract

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19
Q

transient monocular blindness is also known as __ and caused by ___

A

amaurosis fugax, thromboembolism of the retinal artery

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20
Q

cerebellar truncal ataxia

A

manifests as broad based gait or titubation

associated with involvement of vermis

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21
Q

middle peduncle of cerebellum is:

A

Largest peduncle, largest pathway, largest part of the pons, ends in the largest lobe of cerebellum
Lateralest
Latest phylogenetically
Simplest (pontocerebellar fibers)

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22
Q

rules of 4 in the brainstem: 4 structures in midline

A

motor pathway
medial lemniscus
medial longitudinal fasciculus
motor nucleus and nerve

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23
Q

rules of 4 in brainstem: 4 motor nuclei in midline

A

CN 3, 4, 6, 12

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24
Q

rules of 4 in the brainstem: 4 structures to the side

A

spinocerebellar pathway
spinothalamic tract
sensory nucleus of cn V
sympathetic pathway

25
Q

rules of 4 in brainstem: CNs

A

4 cn in medulla (9, 10, 11, 12)
4 cn in pons (5, 6, 7, 8)
4 cn above pons (1, 2, 3, 4)

26
Q

t/f generalized impaired attention and cooperation are specific signs

A

false

27
Q

what is being tested in memory?

A

(james) papez circuit

He-Man Ate a Cat EH

28
Q

musical component of languaage

A

prosody

29
Q

anomia points to a damage in ___

A

left arcuate nucleus

30
Q

repetition deficit points to __

A

transcortical aphasia

31
Q

dejerine syndrome invovles the __

A

left posterior cerebral artery

32
Q

agraphia or dysgraphia points to a lesion in ___

A

left parietal region (supramarginal gyrus)

33
Q

Gesrtmann’s syndrome symptoms

A

right-left confusion
agraphia
acalculia
finger agnosia

34
Q

loss of ability to plan or complete motor actions that rely on semantic memory

A

ideomotor apraxia

35
Q

inability to select and carry out an appropriate motor program

A

ideational or conceptual apraxia

36
Q

constructional apraxia

A

inability to draw or construct simple configurations

37
Q

difficulty making precise movements with arm/legs

A

limb-kinetic apraxia

38
Q

(rezso) balint’s syndrome symptoms

A

oculomotor apraxia
simultagnosia
optic ataxia

39
Q

an abnormality in attention to one side of the universe that is not due to a primary sensory or motor disturbance

A

hemineglect

40
Q

deficit of self-awareness

A

anosognosia

41
Q

brief oscillations of pupillary size that normally occur in response to light

A

hippus

42
Q

marcus gunn pupil

A

when pupils fail to constrict fully
aka relative afferent pupillary defect

hallmark of optic nerve disease

43
Q

adie’s pupil

A

slow and prolonged accomodation
poor or absent response to light
affected pupil is larger then becomes smaller over time

44
Q

argyll robertson pupil

A

quick accomodation
absent response to light
bilateral small pupils
associated with neurosyphilis

45
Q

laws of diplopia

A

false image is always hazier
false image appears peripheral to true image
false image projects in the opposite direction of the eye deviation
false image projects toawrd the normal direction of pull of paretic muscle

46
Q

5 major eye movement systems

A 
saccades (frontal)
fixation (occipital)
smooth pursuit (occipital)
vergence (occipital)
counter rolling (vestibular and neck proprioceptive)
47
Q

horizontal gaze center

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation

48
Q

vertical gaze center

A

rostral interstitial nucleus of the mlf

49
Q

signs and symptoms of mlf syndrome

A

sx: diplopia and oscillopsia
si: heterotropia and monocular nystagmus

appear only when the patient attempts to look away from the side of interruption of the mlf

50
Q

parinaud’s syndrome

A

dorsal compression of the midbrain that will selectively impair upward vertical eye movements

51
Q

when the eyeballs automatically rotate upward and outward but closure of the orbicularis oculi muscle obscures it

A

bell’s phenomenon

52
Q

in ___ lesions the eyes move toward the lesion

in ___ lesions the eyes move away from the lesion

A

destructive

irritative

53
Q

auditory pathways (aclima)

A 
auditory nerve
cochlear nuclei
superior olivary complex
lateral lemniscus
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate body
auditory complex
54
Q

HINTS 2 step eye exam

A

head impulse (right and leftward)
nystagmus (gaze testing)
test of skew (alternate cover test)

55
Q

INFARCT stroke findings

A 
impulse normal (bilaterally normal)
fast-phase alternating (direction changing)
relaxation on cover test (skew deviation)
56
Q

wernicke vs broca’s aphasia

A

wernicke: can articulate but cannot understand (hamburger)

broca’s: can understand but not articulate (wuhdaudau)

57
Q

only truly objective sensory test

A

joint position sense

58
Q

a to-and-fro, 5-8 cycles per second rhythmic oscillation of a body part elicited by a quick stretch

A

clonus

08 Neuro (24 decks)

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