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Nervous system > higher cortical function > Flashcards

higher cortical function Flashcards

1
Q

what type of neurones are mostly output from the cortex ?

A

Pyramidal

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2
Q

what are the types outputs from the cortex?

A

Projection fibres down brainstem
Commissural between hemispheres
Association fibres in the same hemisphere

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3
Q

where do inputs come from ?

A

thalamus

Reticular formation = consciousness

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4
Q

what can control memory, emotion and behaviour ?

A

interneurone connections

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5
Q

what would you expect in terms of motor function if frontal lobe damaged ?

A

contralateral weakness

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6
Q

what is the frontal lobe do for language ? what area is known for this?

A

expression of speech
broca’s area
usually left hemisphere

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7
Q

what is difference between Broca’s and wernicke’s aphasia

A 
Broca = cannot express
wernicke's = perception of language not understood = receptive
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8
Q

What behavioural problems arise due to frontal lobe damage ?

A

impulsivity, disinhibition

agression and sexual inappropriateness

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9
Q

what other problems may arises if the right frontal lobe is damaged ?

A

Complex problem solving

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10
Q

what controls quick eye movements ?

A

frontal eye fields in the frontal lobe

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11
Q

how can you tell lesion form frontal love or CN / Brainstem using eye movement ?

A

conjugate gaze = Frontal lobe

diplopia

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12
Q

where in the brain can cause incontinence ?

A

frontal lobe

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13
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe ?

A 
sensory 
comprehension
body image 
awareness of environment 
calculation and writing
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14
Q

what happens in terms of sensation in parietal lobe lesions ?

A

contralateral anaesthesia affecting all modalities (modalities
converge at the cortex)

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15
Q

what 3 things are needed for language pathway ? what hemisphere is dominant

A

Broca’s - inferior lateral frontal lobe
Wernicke’s - superior temporal lobe
Arcuate fasciculus

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16
Q

what hemisphere s known for body image and awareness ?

A

right parietal

damage = neglect

17
Q

what optic radiation goes through parietal lobe ? what can happen if there is lesion there ?

A

Superior optic radiation
contralateral inferior
homonymous quadrantanopia

18
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex ?

A

superior surface

of temporal lobe, near to Wernicke’s area

19
Q

where is the primary olfactory cortex ?

A

inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe

20
Q

what part of the brain is especially responsible for memories ? if lesion present what can it lead to

A

hippocampus - declarative

amnesia

21
Q

what system is partly in the temporal lobe ? what parts especially and what is the function of this system ?

A

Limbic
hippocampus and amygdala
emotions

22
Q

what optic radiation goes through temporal lobe ? what can happen if there is lesion there ?

A

inferior optic radiation
contralateral superior
homonymous quadrantanopia

23
Q

what is the left hemisphere dominant for ?

A

language and

mathematical/logical functions

24
Q

what is the right hemisphere dominant for ?

A

body image,

visuospatial awareness, emotion and musical ability

25
Q

what can cause alien hand syndrome ?

A

damage to corpus callosum

26
Q

what can cause global aphasia ?

A

Large middle cerebral artery infarcts
= no verbal language
function

27
Q

what happens if arcuate fasciculus is damaged ?

A

inability to

repeat heard words

28
Q

why are memories stored everywhere in the brain ?

A

if damage to 1 area it is less likely to lose many memories

29
Q

what are the types of memories ? where are they each stored

A

declarative (facts) = cerebral cortex
Nondeclarative (motor skills/emotion) = ubcortical structures (e.g. basal ganglia)
and cerebellum

30
Q

where are short term memories stored ?

A

seconds to minutes as a ‘reverberation’ or ‘echo’ in

cortical circuits

31
Q

where are long term memories stored ?

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum

etc. (up to a lifetime) following consolidation

32
Q

what is consolidation and what factors help it ?

A

short term to long term
emotional context
rehearsal
association

33
Q

what helps consolidate declarative memories? where is it found ?

A

The hippocampus

deep in the temporal lobe

34
Q

how does the hippocampus consolidate ?

A

multimodal inputs from many brain systems
facilitating consolidation of
memories in the cortex via its output pathways (primarily the
fornix mammillary bodies thalamuscortex)

35
Q

what in terms of celluar mechanism helps memory consolidation

A

Long term potentiation (LTP)
increase in glutamate receptors in synapses leading to
synaptic strengthening
 New physical connections can also form between neurones to
further strengthen connections (axonal sprouting)

Nervous system (20 decks)

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