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Neuro > Higher Cortical Function > Flashcards

Higher Cortical Function Flashcards

1
Q

How are neurones arranged in the cortex

A

Laminar

Columnar

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2
Q

What are the cell types in cortical neurones

A

Pyramidal:
60%
Sole output and major input
Excitatory - glutamine

Interneurones:
40%
Modulate cortical activity
Inhibitory - GABA

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3
Q

What are the four sources of afferent fibres

What are the names of afferent fibres

A

Ipsilateral cortex - association fibres
Contralateral cortex - commissural fibres
Thalamus - thalamocortical fibres
Basal forebrain, brainstem, hypothalamus - cholinergic and aminergic fibres

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4
Q

What cells do efferent fibres consist of

What are the types of efferent fibres

A

Pyramidal cells only

Association fibres - to different area in same Cortex
Commissural fibres - to corresponding area in contralateral cortex
Projection fibres - basal ganglia, Thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

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5
Q

What association areas are present in frontal lobe

Where are they located

A

Primary motor cortex - pre central gyrus
Broca’s area - inferior lateral frontal lobe on dominant side
Prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area

A

Language generation:

Articulate words in order

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7
Q

What is the function of prefrontal cortex

A

Executive function:
Behaviour modulation
Cognition
Personality

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8
Q

What association areas are in parietal lobe

What structure runs through white matter of parietal lobe

A

Primary sensory cortex - post central gyrus

Superior optic radiation

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9
Q

What functions are carried out by parietal lobe

And on which hemisphere

A

Body image - non-dominant
Attention - non-dominant
Calculation - dominant

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10
Q

What association areas are in temporal lobe

What structure runs through white matter of temporal lobe

A

Wernicke area - superior temporal gyrus dominant hemisphere
Primary auditory cortex - superior temporal gyrus
Primary olfactory cortex
Inferior optic radiation

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11
Q

What functions are carried out by temporal lobe

On which hemisphere

A 
Memory
Emotional processing - non dominant 
Auditory processing 
Language comprehension - dominant 
Olfactory professing
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12
Q

What association areas are present in occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex

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13
Q

What does lateralisation mean

A

Tendency for certain brain functions to be carried out by one hemisphere

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14
Q

Which is the most common dominant hemisphere

A

Left - 95% people

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15
Q

What functions are carried out in dominant hemisphere

A

Language
Maths
Logic
(Sequential processing)

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16
Q

What functions are carried out in non-dominant hemisphere

A

Emotion
Body image (monitor relationship bw body + outside world)
Attention (awareness of external environment)
(Whole picture processing)

17
Q

What is corpus callosum

A

Thick bundle of white matter connecting 2 hemispheres

Consists of commissural fibres bw corresponding areas in R+L hemispheres

18
Q

Where is the language function carried out

A

Dominant hemisphere
Broca’s area
Wernicke area
Arcuate fasciculus

19
Q

What does the Broca’s area do

A

Generation of language

By articulation of words in order

20
Q

What does Wernicke area do

A

Comprehension of language

By processing and decoding of visual and auditory input into words

21
Q

What does arcuate fasciculus do

A

Long association fibre that connects Wernicke area to Broca’s area

22
Q

List the steps involved in repeating a heard word

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex: receives auditory stimuli as pattern of vibrations, process pattern into language
  2. Wernicke area: understand language by decoding of meaning (semantics) and arrangement (syntax) of words
  3. Broca’s area: generate language by developing grammatical relationships and sending instructions to PMC
23
Q

List the steps involved in speaking a written word

A
  1. Primary visual cortex: receive visual input, identify and distinguish letters to process into visual stimuli to language
  2. Wernicke: understand language by memory search from orthographic cues to extract meaning (semantic retrieval)
  3. Broca’s: activate motor cortex to generate speech
24
Q

What is aphasia

What is a common cause of aphasia

A

Inability to use language

Stroke due to occlusion of middle cerebral artery

25
Q

What type of aphasia will result from damage to Wernicke area
How might the patient present

A

Receptive aphasia: good articulation, poor comprehension

Inappropriate responses, speech is fluent but unintelligible

26
Q

What type of aphasia will result from damage to Broca’s area
How might the patient present

A

Expressive aphasia: poor fluency, good comprehension
Few words (spoken and written)
Poorly constructed sentences
Speech is effortful but meaningful
(Know what to say, can’t find words to say it)

27
Q

What is memory

What are the types of memory

A

Type of cortical function involving encoding/Storage/retrieval of information
Short term
Long term

28
Q

What is short term memory

A

Storage of new information briefly in the mind.

Quickly learned and forgotten

29
Q

What is long term memory

A

Stored information capable of retrieval at appropriate moments.
Difficult to form but long lasting once formed

30
Q

What are the types of long term memory

A

Explicit

Implicit

31
Q

What is explicit memory

A

Recollection of facts or events that can be explicitly stated (aka declarative)
Requires conscious recollection

32
Q

What is implicit memory

A

Information is non-declarative; emotion, motor skills

Does not require conscious recollection

33
Q

Where is memory stored

A

Throughout the brain
Declarative - cortex
Non-declarative - cerebellum

34
Q

What is consolidation

A

Process of committing new information in short-term memory to long-term memory

35
Q

What are the steps involved in consolidation

A
  1. Hippocampus receives cognitive/sensory info from cortical association areas
  2. Hippocampus integrates inputs (forms associations)
  3. Hippocampus resends input to association areas repeatedly (act as oscillator)
  4. In association areas info encoded as memory traces to be stored
36
Q

What is the cellular basis of consolidation

A

Long term potentiation

37
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

Strengthening of neural connections with repeated synaptic transmission
(The more you use, stronger it gets)

38
Q

Describe the process of LTP

A
  1. High frequency (strong experience) or Repeated (revision) activation of synapses
  2. Release of more transmitters
  3. Expression of more post synaptic receptors
  4. Production of more pre-synaptic branches
39
Q

What will happen if hippocampus is damaged or removed

A

Anterograde amnesia: inability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia

Neuro (18 decks)

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