High Yields Week 1 Flashcards
Describe the absorption of glucose in the kidney in states of NORMAL serum glucose and HIGH serum glucose
Normal serum glucose = completely reabsorbed
High serum glucose = some glucose excreted in urine
The complete or partial loss of an X chromosome in Turner syndrome results from what genetic abnormality?
Paternal meiotic nondisjunction
What is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis?
HSV-1
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and parafollicular C cells of the thyroid arise from what embryonic tissue and layer?
Neural crest tissue from the Ectoderm
Prostatectomy (accidental nerve severing) or injury to the prostatic plexus can cause what consequence?
Erectile Dysfunction
What is the most common non-nuclear DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
- small circular DNA resembling a bacterial chromosome
- maternal mtDNA is passed down from the mother to all of her offspring
What are the 3 most important predisposing factors for hypoglycemia in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Excessive insulin dose
- Inadequate food intake
- Exercise/physical activity (muscle contractions also cause glucose uptake by muscle cells via GLUT4)
What is Conversion Disorder?
Conversion disorder is characterized by neurological symptoms (voluntary motor and sensory deficits) that cannot be explained by another medical or mental disorder.
Neural tube defects occur during the 4th week of fetal development and can be detected by what diagnostic markers?
↑ a-fetoprotein (AFP) in maternal serum
↑ acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid
These appear due to leakage of fetal CSF through the neural tube defect.
Clinical presentation and seromarker associations for ankylosing spondylitis
Young men Morning stiffness, low back pain Tender sacroiliac joints NO rheumatoid factor Associated with HLA-B27 (MHC Class I)
List the conduction speed of the following cardiac tissue from fastest to slowest: Ventricular muscle, Atrial muscle, AV node, Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers (fastest)
Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle
AV node
Cleft lip results from failure of what intrauterine process?
Cleft results when the MAXILLARY prominence fails to fuse with the intermaxillary segment during the 5th-6th week of embryonic development.
Prevention of reinfection with a similar strain of influenza virus can be attributed to antibodies against what influenza viral antigen?
Hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry)
A humoral response with antibodies directed against hemagglutinin is generally the most important source of protection (this goes for the vaccine as well).
Universal Start Codon
AUG
Stop Codons
UGA
UAG
UAA
(U Go Away, U Are Gone, U Are Away)
What does right dominant coronary circulation mean?
It means the right coronary artery gives rise to the posterior descending artery (inferior wall of heart)
85-90% of people have right dominant coronary circulation
Clinical features and pathophysiology of hypercalcemia
Muscle weakness, constipation, mental status changes, increased thirst and urination
Hypercalcemia causes impaired depolarization of neuromuscular membranes (neuro/muscular symptoms) and impaired concentration of urine in the distal tubule (urination/thirst)
Dry beriberi vs. Wet beriberi
Dry beriberi - symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (sensory and motor impairments)
Wet berberi - high-output congestive heart failure (dilated cardiomyopathy, peripheral edema, etc.)
Beriberi (dry and wet) is caused by thiamine (B1) deficiency.
What is the embryologic origin of melanocytes?
Neural crest cells
Patient presents with fever, fatigue, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension and a new holosystolic murmur. Disease/Dx?
Acute rheumatic fever resulting from an untreated Group A Strep infection.
- Early lesion is mitral valve regurgitation
- Aschoff body may be seen on cardiac biopsy
- (Latel lesion is mitral stenosis)
What fungus produces thin, septate hyphae with acute angle V-shaped branches?
Aspergillus fumigatus
Maple syrup urine disease results from the defective breakdown of branched chain amino acids because of a defective branched chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. What five cofactors are required for proper function of this enzyme complex?
Thiamine Lipoate Coenzyme A FAD NAD (Tender Loving Care For Nancy)
5 year old child presents with palpable purpura, abdominal pain, arthralgias and hematuria a week following upper respiratory infection. Disease/Dx?
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA immune-complex mediated vasculitis)
What two factors play an important role in osteoclast differentiation?
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and activated nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANK-L)
Both M-CSF and RANK-L are produced by osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells